Almanac - December 27
Louis Pasteur 1822-1895
Events
- 537 – The Hagia Sophia is completed.
- 1512 – The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the conduct of settlers with regards to native Indians in the New World.
- 1655 – Second Northern War/the Deluge: Monks at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Czestochowa are successful in fending off a month-long siege.
- 1657 – The Flushing Remonstrance is signed.
- 1703 – Portugal and England sign the Methuen Treaty which gives preference to Portuguese imported wines into England.
- 1814 – Destruction of schooner Carolina, the last of Commodore Daniel Patterson's make-shift fleet that fought a series of delaying actions that contributed to Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans.
- 1831 – Charles Darwin embarks on his journey aboard the HMS Beagle, during which he will begin to formulate the theory of evolution.
- 1836 – The worst ever avalanche in England occurs at Lewes, Sussex, killing 8 people.
- 1845 – Ether anesthetic is used for childbirth for the first time by Dr. Crawford Williamson Long in Jefferson, Georgia.
- 1911 – "Jana Gana Mana", the national anthem of India, is first sung in the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress.
- 1918 – The Great Poland Uprising against the Germans begins.
- 1922 – Japanese aircraft carrier Hosho becomes the first purpose built aircraft carrier to be commissioned in the world.
- 1923 – Namba Daisuke, a Japanese student, tries to assassinate the Prince Regent Hirohito.
- 1927 – Show Boat, considered to be the first true American musical, opens at the Ziegfeld Theatre on Broadway.
- 1932 – Radio City Music Hall opened in New York City.
- 1939 – Erzincan, Turkey is hit by an earthquake, killing 30,000.
- 1939 – Winter War: Finland holds off a Soviet attack in the Battle of Kelja.
- 1942 – The Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia is founded.
- 1945 – The World Bank and International Monetary Fund are created with the signing of an agreement by 29 nations.
- 1949 – Indonesian National Revolution: The Netherlands officially recognizes Indonesian independence. End of the Dutch East Indies.
- 1966 – The Cave of Swallows, the largest known cave shaft in the world, is discovered in Aquismón, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
- 1968 – Apollo Program: Apollo 8 splashes down in the Pacific Ocean, ending the first orbital manned mission to the Moon.
- 1978 – Spain becomes a democracy after 40 years of dictatorship.
- 1978 – The Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in the South Pole recorded temperatures of 7.5 °F (-13.6 °C), making it the highest temperature to ever be recorded in the South Pole.
- 1979 – The Soviet Union invades the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
- 1985 – Palestinian guerrillas kill eighteen people inside Rome and Vienna airports.
- 1996 – Taliban forces retake the strategic Bagram air base which solidifies their buffer zone around Kabul.
- 1997 – Protestant paramilitary leader Billy Wright is assassinated in Northern Ireland.
- 2001 – The People's Republic of China is granted permanent normal trade relations with the United States.
- 2002 – Two truck bombs kill 72 and wound 200 at the pro-Moscow headquarters of the Chechen government in Grozny, Chechnya.
- 2002 – The company Clonaid announces that it has successfully cloned a human being, although it has never presented any verifiable evidence.
- 2004 – Radiation from an explosion on the magnetar SGR 1806-20 reaches Earth. It is the brightest extrasolar event known to have been witnessed on the planet.
- 2007 – Former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto is assassinated in a shooting incident.
- 2007 – Riots erupt in Mombasa, Kenya, after Mwai Kibaki is declared the winner of the presidential election, triggering a political, economic, and humanitarian crisis.
- 2008 – Israel launches 3-week operation on Gaza - Operation Cast Lead
- 2009 – Iranian election protests: On the Day of Ashura in Tehran, government security forces fire upon demonstrators.
Births
- 1390 – Anne de Mortimer, claimant to the English throne (d. 1411)
- 1571 – Johannes Kepler, German astronomer (d. 1630)
- 1654 – Jacob Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (d. 1705)
- 1683 – Conyers Middleton, English minister (d. 1750)
- 1715 – Philippe de Noailles, duc de Mouchy, French soldier (d. 1794)
- 1717 – Pope Pius VI (d. 1799)
- 1721 – François Hemsterhuis, Dutch philosopher (d. 1790)
- 1761 – Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Russian military commander (d. 1818)
- 1773 – George Cayley, English scientist, inventor, and politician (d. 1857)
- 1776 – Nikolay Kamensky, Russian general (d. 1811)
- 1796 – Mirza Ghalib, Indian poet (d. 1869)
- 1803 – François-Marie-Thomas Chevalier de Lorimier, French Canadian Patriote (d. 1839)
- 1822 – Louis Pasteur, French scientist (d. 1895)
- 1823 – Sir Mackenzie Bowell, fifth Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1917)
- 1832 – Pavel Tretyakov, Russian businessman and patron of art (d. 1897)
- 1864 – René Georges Hermann-Paul, French artist (d. 1940)
- 1879 – Sydney Greenstreet, English actor (d. 1954)
- 1883 – Cyrus S. Eaton, Canadian-American financier, industrialist and philanthropist (d. 1979)
- 1888 – Thea von Harbou, German author and actress (d. 1954)
- 1892 – Alfred Edwin McKay, Canadian World War One flying ace (d. 1917)
- 1896 – Louis Bromfield, American writer (d. 1956)
- 1896 – Maurice De Waele, Belgian cyclist (d. 1952)
- 1896 – Carl Zuckmayer, German author and dramatist (d. 1977)
- 1900 – Hans Stuck, German race car driver (d. 1978)
- 1901 – Marlene Dietrich, German actress and singer (d. 1992)
- 1901 – Irene Handl, English actress (d. 1987)
- 1906 – Oscar Levant, American pianist, composer, and actor (d. 1972)
- 1907 – Sebastian Haffner, German journalist and writer (d. 1999)
- 1907 – Willem van Otterloo, Dutch conductor and composer (d. 1978)
- 1907 – Conrad L. Raiford, Goodwill Ambassador (d. 2002)
- 1909 – James Riddell, British champion skier and author (d. 2000)
- 1910 – Charles Olson, American poet (d. 1970)
- 1911 – Anna Russell, English-born Canadian singer and comedian (d. 2006)
- 1915 – Mary Kornman, American actress (d. 1973)
- 1915 – William Masters, American gynecologist (d. 2001)
- 1915 – Gyula Zsengellér, Hungarian footballer (d. 1999)
- 1916 – Werner Baumbach, German bomber pilot (d. 1953)
- 1917 – Onni Palaste, Finnish writer (d. 2009)
- 1918 – John Celardo, American comic strip artist
- 1919 – Charles Sweeney, American general (d. 2004)
- 1920 – Bruce Hobbs, American jockey (d. 2005)
- 1924 – James A. McClure, American politician (d. 2011)
- 1925 – Maurice Bambier, French politician (d. 1994)
- 1925 – Michel Piccoli, French actor
- 1926 – Jerome Courtland, American actor, director and producer
- 1927 – Antony Gardner, British politician
- 1927 – Agnes Nixon, American television producer, director, and writer
- 1927 – Audrey Wagner, American baseball player [AAGPBL] (d. 1984)
- 1930 – Marshall Sahlins, American Anthropologist
- 1930 – Wilfrid Sheed, English-born American writer
- 1931 – Scotty Moore, American guitarist
- 1934 – Larisa Latynina, Russian gymnast
- 1939 – John Amos, American actor
- 1941 – Michael Pinder, British musician (Moody Blues)
- 1941 – Nolan Richardson, American basketball coach
- 1942 – Byron Browne, baseball player
- 1942 – Charmian Carr, American actress
- 1942 – Thomas Menino, American politician
- 1942 – Ron Rothstein, American basketball coach
- 1943 – Cokie Roberts, American journalist
- 1943 – Joan Manuel Serrat, Spanish musician
- 1943 – Peter Sinfield, British lyricist and producer
- 1943 – Roy White, American baseball player
- 1944 – Mick Jones, British musician (Foreigner)
- 1946 – Lenny Kaye, American guitarist
- 1946 – Janet Street-Porter, British journalist, producer and presenter
- 1947 – Bill Eadie, professional wrestler known as "Ax" of Demolition
- 1947 – Tracy Nelson, American blues singer
- 1947 – Janet Perry, American soprano
- 1947 – Willy Polleunis, Belgian athlete
- 1947 – Mickey Redmond, Canadian hockey player
- 1948 – Gérard Depardieu, French actor
- 1950 – Roberto Bettega, Italian footballer
- 1950 – Terry Bozzio, American drummer (Missing Persons)
- 1950 – Morgan Chu, lawyer and intellectual property expert
- 1950 – Doug Stone, Canadian voice actor
- 1951 – Ernesto Zedillo, President of Mexico
- 1952 – Karla Bonoff, American singer and songwriter
- 1952 – Tovah Feldshuh, American actress
- 1952 – Jay Hill, Canadian politician
- 1952 – David Knopfler, British musician (Dire Straits)
- 1955 – Brad Murphey, Australian racing driver
- 1955 – Barbara Olson, American political commentator (d. 2001)
- 1957 – Jerry Gaskill, American musician (King's X)
- 1957 – Greg Mortensen, American author
- 1958 – Barbara Crampton, American actress
- 1958 – Steve Jones, American golfer
- 1958 – Norbert Schmitz, German footballer (d. 1998)
- 1959 – Gerina Dunwich, American author
- 1959 – Andre Tippett, American football player
- 1960 – Maryam d'Abo, British actress
- 1960 – Victoria Paige Meyerink, American actress and producer
- 1960 – Donald Nally, American choral conductor
- 1962 – Mark Few, American basketball coach
- 1962 – Bill Self, American basketball coach
- 1962 – Sherri Steinhauer, American golfer
- 1963 – Gaspar Noé, Argentinian-born director
- 1964 – Ian Gomez, American actor
- 1964 – Theresa Randle, American actress
- 1965 – Salman Khan, Indian actor
- 1965 – Chris Mainwaring, Australian rules footballer (d. 2007)
- 1966 – Wendy Coakley-Thompson, American writer
- 1966 – Bill Goldberg, American football player and professional wrestler
- 1966 – Eva LaRue, American actress
- 1966 – Fabian Núñez, American politician
- 1969 – Jean-Christophe Boullion, French race car driver
- 1969 – Sarah Vowell, American author and journalist
- 1970 – Chyna, American professional wrestler
- 1970 – Brendon Cook, Australian racing driver
- 1970 – Lorenzo Neal, American football player
- 1971 – Duncan Ferguson, Scottish footballer
- 1971 – Jason Hawes, Paranormal investigator
- 1971 – Bryan Smolinski, American ice hockey player
- 1972 – Thomas Wilson Brown, American actor
- 1972 – Colin Charvis, Welsh rugby union player
- 1972 – Kevin Ollie, American basketball player
- 1972 – Matt Slocum, American musician (Sixpence None the Richer)
- 1973 – Wilson Cruz, Puerto Rican actor
- 1973 – Dee Ferris, British painter
- 1973 – Deepak Kumar, Indian philosopher
- 1973 – Kristoffer Zegers, Dutch composer
- 1974 – Masi Oka, Japanese-American actor
- 1974 – Fumiko Orikasa, Japanese seiyu and singer
- 1974 – Jay Pandolfo, American ice hockey player
- 1974 – Edgar Ponce, Mexican actor and dancer (d. 2005)
- 1975 – Heather O'Rourke, American actress (d. 1988)
- 1976 – Fernando Pisani, Canadian/Italian ice hockey player
- 1976 – Aaron Stanford, American actor
- 1977 – Jacqueline Pillon, Canadian actress
- 1978 – Nikolaos Georgeas, Greek footballer
- 1978 – Deuce McAllister, American football player
- 1979 – David Dunn, English footballer
- 1979 – Carson Palmer, American football player
- 1980 – Bernard Berrian, American football player
- 1980 – Claudio Castagnoli, Swiss wrestler
- 1980 – Cas Haley, American singer and guitarist
- 1980 – Dahntay Jones, American basketball player
- 1981 – David Aardsma, American baseball player
- 1981 – Emilie de Ravin, Australian actress
- 1981 – Javine, British singer
- 1981 – Patrick Sharp, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1982 – James Mead, American guitarist (Kutless)
- 1982 – Terji Skibenæs, Faroese guitarist, (Týr)
- 1983 – Anthony Boric, New Zealand All Black rugby player
- 1983 – Cole Hamels, American baseball player
- 1984 – Pleasure P, American R&B Singer (Pretty Ricky)
- 1984 – Gilles Simon, French tennis player
- 1985 – Logan Bailly, Belgian football goalkeeper
- 1985 – Jérôme d'Ambrosio, Belgian racing driver
- 1985 – Paul Stastny, Canadian-American ice hockey player
- 1988 – Zavon Hines, English football player
- 1988 – Rick Porcello, American baseball player
- 1988 – Taecyeon, South Korean actor & singer (2PM)
- 1988 – Hayley Williams, American singer (Paramore)
- 1990 – Milos Raonic, Canadian tennis player
- 1991 – Chloe Bridges, American actress
Deaths
- 418 – Pope Zosimus
- 1076 – Prince Svyatoslav II of Kiev (b. 1027)
- 1381 – Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, English politician
- 1543 – George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, follower of Martin Luther (b. 1484)
- 1548 – Francesco Spiera, Italian Protestant jurist (b. 1502)
- 1603 – Thomas Cartwright, English Puritan clergyman
- 1704 – Hans Albrecht von Barfus, Brandenburg and Prussian field marshal and prime minister (b. 1635)
- 1707 – Jean Mabillon, French palaeograopher and diplomat (b. 1632)
- 1737 – William Bowyer, English printer (b. 1663)
- 1743 – Hyacinthe Rigaud, French painter (b. 1659)
- 1771 – Henri Pitot, French engineer (b. 1695)
- 1782 – Henry Home, Lord Kames, Scottish philosopher (b. 1697)
- 1800 – Hugh Blair, Scottish preacher and man of letters (b. 1718)
- 1812 – Shneur Zalman of Liadi, Lithuanian rabbi and founder of Chabad Hasidism (b. 1745)
- 1812 – Joanna Southcott, an English self-described religious prophetess (b. 1750)
- 1834 – Charles Lamb, English essayist (b. 1775)
- 1836 – Stephen F. Austin, American pioneer (b. 1793)
- 1858 – Alexandre Pierre François Boëly, French composer (b. 1785)
- 1896 – John Brown, British manufacturer (b. 1816)
- 1900 – William George Armstrong, English inventor, industrialist, and engineer (b. 1810)
- 1914 – Charles Martin Hall, American chemist and inventor (b. 1863)
- 1923 – Gustave Eiffel, French engineer and architect (b. 1832)
- 1925 – Sergei Yesenin, Russian poet (b. 1895)
- 1938 – Calvin Bridges, American geneticist (b. 1889)
- 1938 – Osip Mandelstam, Russian poet (b. 1891)
- 1950 – Max Beckmann, German painter (b. 1884)
- 1952 – Patrick Joseph Hartigan, Australian Roman Catholic priest (b. 1878)
- 1953 – Julian Tuwim, Polish poet (b. 1894)
- 1955 – Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter, English naval officer (b. 1881)
- 1956 – Lambert McKenna, Irish editor and lexicographer. (b. 1870)
- 1965 – Edgar Ende, German painter (b. 1901)
- 1966 – Guillermo Stábile, Argentine footballer (b. 1905)
- 1972 – Lester B. Pearson, 14th Prime Minister of Canada, recipient of the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1897)
- 1974 – Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock, Russian physicist (b. 1898)
- 1978 – Bob Luman, American country and rockabilly singer (b. 1937)
- 1978 – Houari Boumediène, President of Algeria (b. 1932)
- 1978 – Chris Bell American musician (b. 1951)
- 1979 – Hafizullah Amin, second President of Afghanistan (b. 1929)
- 1981 – Hoagy Carmichael, American composer and singer (b. 1899)
- 1982 – John Leonard "Jack" Swigert, Jr., American astronaut (b. 1931)
- 1987 – Geoffrey D Lloyd, Chairman of the guild of British Newspaper editors (b. 1933)
- 1988 – Hal Ashby, American film director (b. 1929)
- 1992 – Kay Boyle, American writer (b. 1902)
- 1993 – André Pilette, Belgian racing driver (b. 1918)
- 1994 – Fanny Cradock, English food writer and broadcaster (b. 1909)
- 1994 – J. B. L. Reyes, Filipino jurist (b. 1902)
- 1995 – Shura Cherkassky, Ukrainian classical pianist (b. 1909)
- 1995 – Genrikh Gasparyan, Armenian chess player and composer (b. 1910)
- 1997 – Brendan Gill, American columnist and humorist (b. 1914)
- 1997 – Billy Wright, Irish Protestant paramilitary leader (b. 1960)
- 2002 – George Roy Hill, American film director (b. 1922)
- 2003 – Vestal Goodman, American Gospel singer (b. 1929)
- 2003 – Alan Bates, English actor (b. 1934)
- 2003 – Iván Calderón, Puerto Rican baseball player (b. 1962)
- 2004 – Hank Garland, American musician (b. 1930)
- 2005 – William Doody, Canadian politician (b. 1931)
- 2007 – Benazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan (assassinated) (b. 1953)
- 2007 – Jerzy Kawalerowicz, Polish film director (b. 1922)
- 2007 – Jaan Kross, Estonian writer (b. 1920)
- 2008 – Delaney Bramlett, American musician (b. 1939)
Holidays and observances
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