Barbara McClintock (June 16, 1902 – September 2, 1992), the 1983 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, was an American scientist and one of the world's most distinguished cytogeneticists.
She produced the first genetic map for maize, linking regions of the chromosome with physical traits, and demonstrated the role of the telomere and centromere, regions of the chromosome that are important in the conservation of genetic information. She was recognized amongst the best in the field, awarded prestigious fellowships, and elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1944.
Events
- 363 – Emperor Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal Roman forces suffering several attacks from the Persians.
- 1487 – Battle of Stoke Field, the final engagement of the Wars of the Roses.
- 1586 – Mary, Queen of Scots, recognizes Philip II of Spain as her heir and successor.
- 1745 – British troops take Cape Breton Island, which is now part of Nova Scotia, Canada.
- 1745 – Sir William Pepperell captures the French Fortress of Louisbourg in Louisbourg, Nova Scotia during the War of the Austrian Succession.
- 1746 – War of Austrian Succession: Austria and Sardinia defeat a Franco-Spanish army at the Battle of Piacenza.
- 1755 – French and Indian War: the French surrender Fort Beauséjour to the British, leading to the expulsion of the Acadians.
- 1774 – Foundation of Harrodsburg, Kentucky.
- 1779 – Spain declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the Great Siege of Gibraltar begins.
- 1795 – First Battle of Groix otherwise known as "Cornwallis' Retreat".
- 1815 – Battle of Ligny and Battle of Quatre Bras, two days before the Battle of Waterloo.
- 1816 – Lord Byron reads Fantasmagoriana to his four house guests at the Villa Diodati, Percy Shelley, Mary Shelley, Claire Clairmont, and John Polidori, and inspires his challenge that each guest write a ghost story, which culminated in Mary Shelley writing the novel Frankenstein, John Polidori writing the short story The Vampyre, and Byron writing the poem Darkness.
- 1836 – The formation of the London Working Men's Association gives rise to the Chartist Movement.
- 1846 – The Papal conclave of 1846 concludes. Pope Pius IX is elected Pope beginning the longest reign in the history of the papacy (not counting St. Peter).
- 1858 – Abraham Lincoln delivers his House Divided speech in Springfield, Illinois.
- 1858 – The Battle of Morar takes place during the Indian Mutiny.
- 1871 – The University Tests Act allows students to enter the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Durham without religious tests (except for those intending to study theology).
- 1883 – The Victoria Hall theatre panic in Sunderland, England kills 183 children.
- 1891 – John Abbott becomes Canada's third Prime Minister.
- 1897 – A treaty annexing the Republic of Hawaii to the United States is signed; the Republic would not be dissolved until a year later.
- 1903 – The Ford Motor Company is incorporated.
- 1903 – Roald Amundsen commences the first east-west navigation of the Northwest Passage, leaving Oslo, Norway.
- 1904 – Eugen Schauman assassinates Nikolai Bobrikov, Governor-General of Finland.
- 1904 – Irish author James Joyce begins a relationship with Nora Barnacle and subsequently uses the date to set the actions for his novel Ulysses; this date is now traditionally called "Bloomsday".
- 1911 – IBM founded as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company in Endicott, New York.
- 1911 – A 772 gram stony meteorite strikes the earth near Kilbourn, Wisconsin damaging a barn.
- 1915 – Foundation of the British Women's Institute.
- 1922 – General election in the Irish Free State: the pro-Treaty Sinn Féin win a large majority.
- 1924 – The Whampoa Military Academy is founded.
- 1925 – The most famous Young Pioneer camp of the Soviet Union, Artek, is established.
- 1930 – Sovnarkom establishes decree time in the USSR.
- 1933 – The National Industrial Recovery Act is passed.
- 1940 – World War II: Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain becomes Chief of State of Vichy France (Chef de l'État Français).
- 1940 – A Communist government is installed in Lithuania.
- 1958 – Imre Nagy, Pál Maléter and other leaders of the 1956 Hungarian Uprising are executed.
- 1961 – Rudolf Nureyev defects from the Soviet Union.
- 1963 – Soviet Space Program: Vostok 6 Mission – Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space.
- 1967 – The Monterey Pop Festival begins
- 1972 – Red Army Faction member Ulrike Meinhof is captured by police in Langenhagen.
- 1972 – The largest single-site hydro-electric power project in Canada is inaugurated at Churchill Falls, Labrador.
- 1976 – Soweto uprising: a non-violent march by 15,000 students in Soweto, South Africa turns into days of rioting when police open fire on the crowd.
- 1977 – Oracle Corporation is incorporated in Redwood Shores, California, as Software Development Laboratories (SDL) by Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Oates.
- 1989 – Imre Nagy, the former Hungarian Prime Minister, is reburied in Budapest.
- 1997 – The Dairat Labguer massacre in Algeria; 50 people are killed.
- 2000 – Israel complies with UN Security Council Resolution 425 after 22 years of it issuance, which calls on Israel to completely withdraw from Lebanon. Israel withdraws from all of Lebanon, except the disputed Shebaa Farms.
Births
- 1139 – Emperor Konoe of Japan (d. 1155)
- 1332 – Isabella de Coucy, English princess (d. 1382)
- 1514 – John Cheke, English classical scholar (d. 1557)
- 1583 – Axel Oxenstierna, Swedish statesman (d. 1654)
- 1591 – Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Crete-born Italian physician, mathematician, and music theorist (d. 1655)
- 1606 – Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, Irish aristocrat and soldier (d. 1675)
- 1612 – Murad IV, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1640)
- 1613 – John Cleveland, English poet (d. 1658)
- 1633 – Jean de Thévenot, French traveler and scientist (d. 1667)
- 1644 – Henrietta Anne Stuart, French-born Princess of Scotland, England and Ireland and Duchess of Orléans (d. 1670)
- 1713 – Meshech Weare, American Governor of New Hampshire (d. 1786)
- 1723 – Adam Smith, Scottish philosopher and economist (d. 1790)
- 1738 – Mary Katharine Goddard, American printer and publisher (d. 1816)
- 1754 – Salawat Yulayev, Bashkir poet (d. 1800)
- 1792 – John Linnell, English landscape painter (d. 1882)
- 1792 – Sir Thomas Mitchell, Australian explorer (d. 1855)
- 1801 – Julius Plücker, German mathematician and physicist (d. 1868)
- 1806 – Edward Davy, English physician, chemist and inventor (d. 1885)
- 1813 – Otto Jahn, German archaeologist (d. 1869)
- 1820 – Athanase Coquerel, French Protestant preacher (d. 1875)
- 1821 – Old Tom Morris, Scottish golfer (d. 1908)
- 1826 – Constantin von Ettingshausen, Austrian geologist and botanist (d. 1897)
- 1829 – Geronimo, Apache leader (d. 1909)
- 1836 – Wesley Merritt, American general (d. 1910)
- 1837 – Ernst Laas, German philosopher (d. 1885)
- 1838 – Cushman Davis, American politician (d. 1900)
- 1838 – Frederic Archer, British, composer, conductor and organist (d. 1901)
- 1840 – Ernst Otto Schlick, German engineer (d. 1913)
- 1857 – Arthur Arz von Straußenburg, Austro-Hungarian Colonel General (d. 1935)
- 1858 – King Gustaf V of Sweden (d. 1950)
- 1866 – Germanos Karavangelis, Greek Orthodox metropolitan bishop (d. 1935)
- 1874 – Arthur Meighen, 9th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1960)
- 1880 – Otto Eisenschiml, Austrian-born American chemist and historian (d. 1963)
- 1881 – Natalia Goncharova, Russian avant-garde artist (d. 1962)
- 1888 – Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman, Russian physicist (d. 1925)
- 1888 – Peter Stoner, American mathematician and astronomer (d. 1980)
- 1890 – Stan Laurel, English actor and comedian (d. 1965)
- 1894 – Norman Kerry, American actor (d. 1956)
- 1896 – Murray Leinster, American science-fiction and alternate history writer (d. 1976)
- 1897 – Elaine Hammerstein, American actress (d. 1948)
- 1897 – Georg Wittig, German chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1987)
- 1902 – Barbara McClintock, American geneticist, Nobel laureate (d. 1992)
- 1902 – George Gaylord Simpson, American paleontologist (d. 1984)
- 1903 – Helen Traubel, American soprano (d. 1972)
- 1903 – Huldreich Georg Früh, Swiss composer (d. 1945)
- 1907 – Jack Albertson, American actor (d. 1981)
- 1909 – Archie Fairley Carr, American biologist (d. 1987)
- 1910 – Juan Velasco Alvarado, Peruvian general and President of Peru (d. 1977)
- 1912 – Enoch Powell, British politician (d. 1998)
- 1915 – John Tukey, American statistician (d. 2000)
- 1916 – Hank Luisetti, American basketball player (d. 2002)
- 1917 – Phaedon Gizikis, Greek Army officer and President of Greece (d. 1999)
- 1917 – Katharine Graham, American publisher (d. 2001)
- 1917 – Aurelio Lampredi, Italian mechanical engineer (Ferrari) (d. 1989)
- 1917 – Irving Penn, American photographer (d. 2009)
- 1920 – John Howard Griffin, American journalist (d. 1980)
- 1920 – Raymond U. Lemieux, Canadian organic chemist (d. 2002)
- 1920 – José López Portillo, 31st President of Mexico (d. 2004)
- 1923 – Ron Flockhart, Scottish racing driver (d. 1962)
- 1924 – Faith Domergue, American actor (d. 1999)
- 1927 – Tom Graveney, English cricketer
- 1927 – Herbert Lichtenfeld, German author and playwright (d. 2001)
- 1928 – Speedy O. Long, American politician (d. 2006)
- 1929 – Ramon Bieri, American actor (d. 2001)
- 1929 – Pauline Yates, English actress
- 1930 – Allan D'Arcangelo, American artist (d. 1998)
- 1930 – Vilmos Zsigmond, Hungarian-born American cinematographer
- 1934 – Dame Eileen Atkins, English actress
- 1934 – Roger Neilson, Canadian ice hockey coach (d. 2003)
- 1934 – William Forsyth Sharpe, American economist, Nobel laureate
- 1934 – Elvira Vinogradova, Russian TV personality
- 1935 – Bill Cobbs, American actor
- 1935 – Jim Dine, American artist
- 1937 – Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Tsar and later Prime Minister of Bulgaria
- 1937 – Erich Segal, American author (d. 2010)
- 1938 – James Bolam, English actor
- 1938 – Torgny Lindgren, Swedish writer
- 1938 – Joyce Carol Oates, American novelist
- 1939 – Billy Crash Craddock, American country singer
- 1940 – Neil Goldschmidt, American Governor of Oregon
- 1941 – Lamont Dozier, American record company executive
- 1941 – Mumtaz Hamid Rao, Pakistani journalist
- 1942 – Giacomo Agostini, Italian motorcyclist
- 1942 – Eddie Levert, American singer (The O'Jays)
- 1943 – Joan Van Ark, American actress
- 1944 – Henri Richelet, French painter
- 1945 – Claire Alexander, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1945 – Lucienne Robillard, Canadian politician
- 1946 – Rick Adelman, American basketball player and coach
- 1946 – Jodi Rell, American politician
- 1946 – Mark Ritts, American actor (d. 2009)
- 1946 – Derek Sanderson, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1947 – Günther Kaufmann, German actor (d. 2012)
- 1947 – -minu, Swiss columnist and writer
- 1947 – Tom Wyner, British-born American voice actor and writer
- 1948 – Ron LeFlore, American baseball player
- 1948 – V. Hanumantha Rao, Indian politician
- 1949 – Paulo César, Brazilian footballer
- 1951 – Charlie Dominici, American singer (Dream Theater, Dominici)
- 1951 – Roberto Durán, Panamanian boxer
- 1952 – George Papandreou, Greek politician
- 1952 – Gino Vannelli, Canadian singer and songwriter
- 1953 – Ian Mosley, British drummer (Marillion)
- 1953 – Valerie Mahaffey, American actress
- 1955 – Laurie Metcalf, American actress
- 1955 – Tree Rollins, American basketball player
- 1957 – Ian Buchanan, Scottish actor
- 1958 – Darrell Griffith, American basketball player
- 1958 – Jóhannes Helgason, Icelandic guitarist (Þeyr)
- 1958 – Ulrike Tauber, East German swimmer
- 1959 – The Ultimate Warrior, American professional wrestler
- 1959 – Desirée Rogers, American public relations executive and former Social Secretary for the White House
- 1959 – John Franklin, American actor
- 1960 – Peter Sterling, Australian rugby league footballer
- 1961 – Steve Larmer, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1962 – Wally Joyner, American baseball player
- 1962 – Femi Kuti, Nigerian afrobeat musician
- 1962 – Arnold Vosloo, South African actor
- 1962 – Anthony Wong Yiu Ming, Hong Kong composer and producer
- 1963 – Scott Alexander, American screenwriter
- 1963 – Jim Fullington, American professional wrestler
- 1966 – Phil Vischer, American voice actor and puppeteer
- 1966 – Jan Železný, Czech athlete
- 1967 – Charalambos Andreou, Greek-Cypriot footballer
- 1969 – Shami Chakrabarti, British activist
- 1969 – Mark Crossley, Welsh footballer
- 1970 – Clifton Collins Jr., American actor
- 1970 – Cobi Jones, American soccer player
- 1970 – Phil Mickelson, American golfer
- 1970 – Younus AlGohar, British spiritualist, author, poet, sufi and humanitarian
- 1971 – Chris Gomez, American baseball player
- 1971 – Tupac Shakur, American rapper and actor (d. 1996)
- 1972 – Horacio Cambeiro, American author and reporter
- 1972 – John Cho, Korean-American actor
- 1972 – Simon Khan, English golfer
- 1972 – Ann Shoket, American magazine editor
- 1973 – Nikos Machlas, Greek footballer
- 1973 – Eddie Cibrian, American actor
- 1974 – Paul Lee, British sculptor
- 1975 – Anthony Carter, American basketball player
- 1975 – Heather Peace, British actress and singer
- 1976 – Edwin Tenorio, Ecuadorian footballer
- 1977 – Craig Fitzgibbon, Australian rugby league footballer
- 1977 – Kevin Foster, American convicted murderer
- 1977 – Petros Papadakis, American sportscaster
- 1977 – Kerry Wood, American baseball player
- 1978 – Daniel Brühl, German actor
- 1978 – Jasmine Leong, Chinese Malaysian singer
- 1978 – Lyndsey Marshal, British actress
- 1978 – Dainius Zubrus, Lithuanian ice hockey player
- 1980 – Brandon Armstrong, American basketball player
- 1980 – Phil Christophers, German-born English rugby player
- 1980 – Nehir Erdogan, Turkish actress
- 1980 – Brad Gushue, Canadian curler
- 1980 – Daré Nibombé, Togolese footballer
- 1980 – Martin Stranzl, Austrian footballer
- 1980 – Justin Tranter, American singer-songwriter and jewelry designer (Semi Precious Weapons)
- 1980 – Joey Yung, Hong Kong singer
- 1981 – Benjamin Becker, German tennis player
- 1981 – Kevin Bieksa, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1981 – Ben Kweller, American singer and songwriter
- 1981 – Miguel Villalta, Peruvian footballer
- 1982 – Fraser Cartmell, British triathlete
- 1982 – Matt Costa, American singer and songwriter
- 1982 – Missy Peregrym, Canadian actress
- 1982 – Jodi Santamaria, Filipino actress
- 1982 – Chris Wingert, American footballer
- 1982 – May Andersen, Danish supermodel
- 1983 – Armend Dallku, Albanian footballer
- 1984 – Jonathan Broxton, American baseball player
- 1984 – Rick Nash, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1984 – Steven Whittaker, Scottish footballer
- 1986 – Rodrigo Defendi, Brazilian footballer
- 1986 – Urby Emanuelson, Dutch footballer
- 1986 – Fernando Muslera, Uruguayan footballer
- 1986 – Farhad Reza, Bangladeshi cricketer
- 1986 – Robert Rothbart, Bosnian/Israeli/Serbian basketball player
- 1987 – Diana DeGarmo, American singer
- 1987 – Abby Elliott, American comedienne
- 1987 – Per Ciljan Skjelbred, Norwegian footballer
- 1987 – Christian Tshimanga Kabeya, Belgian footballer
- 1988 – Keshia Chante, Canadian singer
- 1988 – Leeland Mooring, American lead singer of the band Leeland
- 1988 – Nathan Parsons, Australian born actor
- 1989 – Jelena Glebova, Estonian figure skater
- 1991 – Joe McElderry, English singer
- 1994 – Aarya Ambekar, Indian Marathi singer
Deaths
- 1397 – Philip of Artois, Count of Eu, French soldier and nobleman (b. 1358)
- 1468 – Jean Le Fevre, Burgundian chronicler (b. c. 1395)
- 1622 – Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline, Chancellor of Scotland (b. 1555)
- 1623 – Christian the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel, German Protestant military leader (b. 1599)
- 1666 – Richard Fanshawe, English poet, translator and diplomat (b. 1608)
- 1671 – Stenka Razin, Cossack rebel leader (executed) (b. 1630)
- 1707 – Marie d'Orleans-Longueville, Duchess de Nemours, sovereign princess of Neuchâtel and writer (b. 1625)
- 1722 – John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, English general (b. 1650)
- 1749 – Johann Baptista Ruffini, Italian trader (b. 1672)
- 1752 – Giulio Alberoni, Spanish cardinal (b. 1664)
- 1752 – Joseph Butler, English philosopher (b. 1692)
- 1777 – Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset, French poet and dramatist (b. 1709)
- 1778 – Konrad Ekhof, German actor (b. 1720)
- 1779 – Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet, Governor of New Jersey and Massachusetts (b. 1712)
- 1792 – Benjamin Tupper, Continental Army officer, and pioneer to the Ohio Country (b. 1738)
- 1804 – Johann Adam Hiller, German composer (b. 1728)
- 1824 – Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, Third Consul of France (b. 1739)
- 1849 – Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette, German theologian (b. 1780)
- 1850 – William Lawson, English explorer of New South Wales, Australia (b. 1774)
- 1855 – John Gorrie, American physician (b. 1803)
- 1858 – John Snow, English epidemiologist (b. 1813)
- 1862 – Hidenoyama Raigoro, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 9th Yokozuna (b. 1808)
- 1866 – Joseph Méry French poet (b. 1798)
- 1869 – Charles Sturt, English explorer (b. 1795)
- 1872 – Norman MacLeod, Scottish clergyman (b. 1812)
- 1878 – Crawford Long, American physician (b. 1815)
- 1881 – Marie Laveau, American Voodoo practitioner (b. 1801)
- 1881 – Sir Josiah Mason, English pen manufacturer (b. 1795)
- 1885 – Wilhelm Camphausen, German painter (b. 1818)
- 1902 – Ernst Schröder, German mathematician (b. 1841)
- 1925 – Chittaranjan Das, Indian patriot and freedom fighter (b. 1870)
- 1925 – Emmett Hardy, American jazz cornet player (b. 1903)
- 1928 – Dr. Mark Keppel, American County Superintendent of Los Angeles County Schools from 1902-1928 (b. 1867)
- 1929 – Bramwell Booth, English 2nd General of The Salvation Army (b. 1856)
- 1930 – Ezra Fitch, American founder of Abercrombie & Fitch (b. 1866)
- 1930 – Elmer Ambrose Sperry, American co-inventor of the gyrocompass (b. 1860)
- 1939 – William Henry 'Chick' Webb, American jazz drummer and big band leader (b. 1905)
- 1940 – DuBose Heyward, American novelist (b. 1885)
- 1944 – Marc Bloch, French historian (executed) (b. 1886)
- 1945 – Aris Velouchiotis, Greek guerrilla resistance leader (b. 1905)
- 1946 – Gordon Brewster, Irish cartoonist (b 1889)
- 1952 – Andrew Lawson, Scottish-American geologist, the first to map the entire San Andreas Fault (b. 1861)
- 1953 – Margaret Bondfield, English politician and feminist (b. 1873)
- 1955 – Ozias Leduc, Quebec painter (b. 1864)
- 1958 – Imre Nagy, Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1895)
- 1959 – George Reeves, American actor (b. 1914)
- 1961 – Marcel Junod, Swiss physician (b. 1904)
- 1967 – Reginald Denny, English stage, film, and television actor (b. 1891)
- 1969 – Harold Alexander, British military commander (b. 1891)
- 1970 – Sydney Chapman, British mathematician and geophysicist (b. 1888)
- 1970 – Heino Eller, Estonian composer (b. 1887)
- 1970 – Brian Piccolo, American football player (b. 1943)
- 1971 – Lord Reith, British broadcast executive (b. 1889)
- 1977 – Wernher von Braun, German-born rocket scientist (b. 1912)
- 1979 – Ignatius Kutu Acheamphong, Ghanaian dictator (b. 1931)
- 1979 – Nicholas Ray, American film director (b. 1911)
- 1981 – Jule Gregory Charney, American meteorologist (b. 1917)
- 1982 – James Honeyman-Scott, English guitarist and songwriter (The Pretenders) (b. 1956)
- 1984 – Lew Andreas, American basketball coach (b. 1895)
- 1986 – Maurice Duruflé, French composer and organist (b. 1902)
- 1988 – Miguel Piñero, Puerto Rican playwright, actor and co-founder of the Nuyorican Poets Café (b. 1946)
- 1990 – Gertrude Baniszewski, American murderer of Sylvia Likens (b. 1929)
- 1990 – Megan Leigh, American porn star (b. 1964)
- 1993 – Lindsay Hassett, Australian cricketer (b. 1913)
- 1994 – Kristen Pfaff, American bassist (Hole) (b. 1967)
- 1996 – Mel Allen, American baseball announcer (b. 1913)
- 1997 – Dal Stivens, Australian author (b. 1911)
- 1999 – Screaming Lord Sutch, British musician (b. 1940)
- 2000 – Empress Kojun of Japan (b. 1903)
- 2003 – Pierre Bourgault, Canadian politician (b. 1934)
- 2003 – Georg Henrik von Wright, Finnish-Swedish philosopher (b. 1916)
- 2004 – Thanom Kittikachorn, Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1911)
- 2005 – Enrique Laguerre, Puerto Rican writer (b. 1906)
- 2006 – Alireza Shapour Shahbazi, Iranian archaeologist (b. 1942)
- 2006 – Igor Smialowski, Polish actor (b. 1917)
- 2007 – Grand Ayatollah Fazel Lankarani, Iranian cleric (b. 1931)
- 2007 – Mikhail Kononov, Soviet actor (b. 1940)
- 2008 – Tom Compernolle, Belgian athlete (b. 1975)
- 2008 – Mario Rigoni Stern, Italian writer, World War II veteran and Nazi concentration camp survivor (b. 1921)
- 2010 – Marc Bazin, Haitian politician (b. 1932)
- 2011 – Östen Mäkitalo, Swedish electrical engineer (b. 1938)
Holidays and observances
- Bloomsday (Dublin, James Joyce fans)
- Christian Feast Day:
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