today.nukz.net: Almanac June 23

Alan Mathison Turing, 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954, was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which played a significant role in the creation of the modern computer.

Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.

Events

79 – Titus succeeds his father Vespasian as the tenth Roman Emperor.
1180 – First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan.
1305 – A peace treaty between the Flemish and the French is signed at Athis-sur-Orge.
1314 – First War of Scottish Independence: The Battle of Bannockburn (south of Stirling) begins.
1532 – Henry VIII and François I sign a secret treaty against Emperor Charles V.
1565 – Turgut Reis (Dragut), commander of the Ottoman navy, dies during the Siege of Malta.
1611 – The mutinous crew of Henry Hudson's fourth voyage sets Henry, his son and seven loyal crew members adrift in an open boat in what is now Hudson Bay; they are never heard from again.
1661 – Marriage contract between Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza.
1683 – William Penn signs a friendship treaty with Lenni Lenape Indians in Pennsylvania.
1713 – The French residents of Acadia are given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia, Canada.
1757 – Battle of Plassey – 3,000 British troops under Robert Clive defeat a 50,000 strong Indian army under Siraj Ud Daulah at Plassey.
1758 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Krefeld – British forces defeat French troops at Krefeld in Germany.
1760 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Landeshut – Austria defeats Prussia.
1780 – American Revolution: Battle of Springfield fought in and around Springfield, New Jersey (including Short Hills, formerly of Springfield, now of Millburn Township).
1794 – Empress Catherine II of Russia grants Jews permission to settle in Kiev.
1810 – John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company.
1812 – War of 1812: Great Britain revokes the restrictions on American commerce, thus eliminating one of the chief reasons for going to war.
1848 – Beginning of the June Days Uprising in Paris, France.
1860 – The United States Congress establishes the Government Printing Office.
1865 – American Civil War: at Fort Towson in the Oklahoma Territory, Confederate, Brigadier General Stand Watie surrenders the last significant rebel army.
1887 – The Rocky Mountains Park Act becomes law in Canada creating the nation's first national park, Banff National Park.
1894 – The International Olympic Committee is founded at the Sorbonne in Paris, at the initiative of Baron Pierre de Coubertin.
1913 – Second Balkan War: The Greeks defeat the Bulgarians in the Battle of Doiran.
1914 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa takes Zacatecas from Victoriano Huerta.
1917 – In a game against the Washington Senators, Boston Red Sox pitcher Ernie Shore retires 26 batters in a row after replacing Babe Ruth, who had been ejected for punching the umpire.
1919 – Estonian War of Independence: the decisive defeat of the Baltische Landeswehr in the Battle of Cesis. This day is celebrated as Victory Day in Estonia.
1926 – The College Board administers the first SAT exam.
1931 – Wiley Post and Harold Gatty take off from Roosevelt Field, Long Island in an attempt to circumnavigate the world in a single-engine plane.
1938 – The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law, forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the United States.
1940 – World War II: German leader Adolf Hitler surveys newly defeated Paris in now occupied France.
1941 – The Lithuanian Activist Front declares independence from the Soviet Union and forms the Provisional Government of Lithuania; it lasts only briefly as the Nazis will occupy Lithuania a few weeks later.
1942 – World War II: the first selections for the gas chamber at Auschwitz take place on a train full of Jews from Paris.
1942 – World War II: Germany's latest fighter, a Focke-Wulf Fw 190, is captured intact when it mistakenly lands at RAF Pembrey in Wales.
1943 – World War II: The British destroyers HMS Eclipse and HMS Laforey sink the Italian submarine Ascianghi in the Mediterranean after she torpedoes the cruiser HMS Newfoundland.
1946 – The 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake strikes Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.
1947 – The United States Senate follows the United States House of Representatives in overriding U.S. President Harry Truman's veto of the Taft-Hartley Act.
1956 – The French National Assembly takes the first step in creating the French Community by passing the Loi Cadre, transferring a number of powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French West Africa.
1958 – The Dutch Reformed Church accepts women ministers.
1959 – Convicted Manhattan Project spy Klaus Fuchs is released after only nine years in prison and allowed to emigrate to Dresden, East Germany where he resumes a scientific career.
1959 – A fire in a resort hotel in Stalheim (Norway) kills 34 people.
1960 – The United States Food and Drug Administration declares Enovid to be the first officially approved combined oral contraceptive pill in the world.
1961 – Cold War: the Antarctic Treaty, which sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and bans military activity on the continent, comes into force after the opening date for signature set for the December 1, 1959.
1967 – Cold War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson meets with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin in Glassboro, New Jersey for the three-day Glassboro Summit Conference.
1968 – 74 are killed and 150 injured in a football stampede towards a closed exit in a Buenos Aires stadium.
1969 – Warren E. Burger is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court by retiring Chief Justice Earl Warren.
1972 – Watergate Scandal: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon and White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman are taped talking about using the Central Intelligence Agency to obstruct the Federal Bureau of Investigation's investigation into the Watergate break-ins.
1972 – Title IX of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 is amended to prohibit sexual discrimination to any educational program receiving federal funds.
1973 – A fire at a house in Hull, England which kills a six year old boy is passed off as an accident; it later emerges as the first of 26 deaths by fire caused over the next seven years by arsonist Peter Dinsdale.
1982 – Chinese Americana> Vincent Chin is beaten to death in Highland Park, Michigan, by two auto workers who had mistaken him for Japanese and who were angry about the success of Japanese auto companies.
1985 – A terrorist bomb aboard Air India flight 182 brings the Boeing 747 down off the coast of Ireland killing all 329 aboard.

Births

47 BC – Ptolemy Caesarion of Egypt; son of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra (d. 30 BC)
1373 – Queen Joan II of Naples (d. 1435)
1433 – Francis II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1488)
1456 – Margaret of Denmark, wife of James III of Scotland (d. 1486)
1534 – Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (d. 1582)
1596 – Johan Banér, Swedish soldier (d. 1641)
1612 – André Tacquet, Flemish mathematician (d. 1660)
1668 – Giambattista Vico, Italian philosopher and historian (d. 1744)
1683 – Etienne Fourmont, French orientalist (d. 1745)
1703 – Queen Marie Leszczynska, Polish-born wife of Louis XV of France (d. 1768)
1711 – Giovanni Battista Guadagnini, Italian Emiliano luthier, regarded as one of the finest craftsmen of string instruments in history (d. 1786)
1716 – Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley, English politician (d. 1789)
1750 – Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu, French geologist (d. 1801)
1763 – Joséphine de Beauharnais, wife of Napoleon I Bonaparte (d. 1814)
1799 – John Milton Bernhisel, American physician (d. 1881)
1800 – Karol Marcinkowski, Polish physician and social activist (d. 1846)
1824 – Carl Reinecke, German musician and composer (d. 1910)
1863 – Sándor Bródy, Hungarian writer (d. 1924)
1884 – Cyclone Taylor, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1979)
1888 – Bronson M. Cutting, American politician (d. 1935)
1888 – Lee Moran, American actor (d. 1961)
1889 – Anna Akhmatova, Russian poet (d. 1966)
1894 – Alfred Kinsey, American entomologist and sexologist (d. 1956)
1894 – King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (d. 1972)
1897 – Alexandru Giugaru, Romanian actor (d. 1986)
1902 – Mathias Wieman, German actor (d. 1969)
1903 – Paul Joseph James Martin, Canadian politician (d. 1992)
1905 – Jack Pickersgill, Canadian politician (d. 1997)
1906 – King Tribhuvan of Nepal (d. 1955)
1907 – James Meade, English economist, Nobel laureate (d. 1995)
1907 – Dercy Gonçalves, Brazilian comedienne (d. 2008)
1909 – David Lewis, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 1981)
1910 – Jean Anouilh, French dramatist (d. 1987)
1910 – Gordon B. Hinckley, American religious figure (d. 2008)
1910 – Milt Hinton, American jazz bassist (d. 2000)
1912 – Alan Turing, English mathematician (d. 1954)
1916 – Len Hutton, English cricketer (d. 1990)
1919 – Mohamed Boudiaf, Algerian political leader (d. 1992)
1922 – Hal Laycoe, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1998)
1923 – Giuseppina Tuissi, Italian resistance member (d. 1945)
1925 – Miriam Karlin, English actress (d. 2011)
1927 – Bob Fosse, American choreographer (d. 1987)
1928 – Jean Cione, American All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player (d. 2010)
1929 – June Carter Cash, American singer (d. 2003)
1929 – Donn F. Eisele, American astronaut (d. 1987)
1935 – Maurice Ferre, American politician
1936 – Costas Simitis, Greek politician
1937 – Martti Ahtisaari, Finnish statesman, Nobel laureate
1937 – Niki Sullivan, American guitarist (The Crickets) (d. 2004)
1940 – Adam Faith, English singer and actor (d. 2003)
1940 – Lord Irvine of Lairg, Scottish Lord Chancellor of Great Britain
1940 – Wilma Rudolph, American runner (d. 1994)
1940 – Stuart Sutcliffe, English painter and bassist (The Beatles) (d. 1962)
1941 – Robert Hunter, American lyricist and poet (The Grateful Dead)
1941 – Roger McDonald, Australian writer
1941 – Richard M. Roberts, American attorney
1943 – Vint Cerf, American computer scientist
1943 – James Levine, American conductor
1945 – John Garang, Sudanese politician (d. 2005)
1945 – Kjell Albin Abrahamson, Swedish journalist and writer
1946 – Ted Shackelford, American actor
1947 – Bryan Brown, Australian actor
1948 – Myles Goodwyn, Canadian guitarist and vocalist (April Wine)
1948 – Luther Kent, American blues singer
1948 – Darhyl S. Ramsey, American author
1948 – Clarence Thomas, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
1949 – Gordon Bray, Australian sports broadcaster
1951 – Jim Metzler, American actor
1951 – Michèle Mouton, French racecar driver
1951 – Angelo Falcón, American political scientist, Latino community advocate
1952 – Anthony Jackson, American electric bass guitar player
1955 – Pierre Corbeil, Canadian politician
1955 – Glenn Danzig, American musician
1955 – Maggie Greenwald, American film director and writer
1955 – Jordan, British actress and model
1955 – Jean Tigana, French footballer
1956 – Tony Hill, American football player
1956 – Randy Jackson, American music producer
1957 – Frances McDormand, American actress
1960 – Donald Harrison, American jazz saxophonist
1960 – Tatsuya Uemura, Japanese arcade game programmer
1961 – Zoran Janjetov, Serbian comic artist
1961 – LaSalle Thompson, American basketball player
1962 – Chuck Billy, American singer (Testament)
1962 – Steve Shelley, American drummer (The Crucifucks, Sonic Youth)
1962 – Kari Takko, Finnish ice hockey player
1962 – Kevin Yagher, American special effects technician
1963 – Colin Montgomerie, Scottish golfer
1964 – Yun Lou, Chinese gymnast
1964 – Joss Whedon, American producer, director, and screenwriter
1965 – Paul Arthurs, British guitarist (Oasis)
1965 – Natalia Germanou Greek lyricist, television hostess, radio producer, DJ and journalist
1965 – Mitch Longley American actor
1966 – Chico DeBarge, American R&B singer (DeBarge)
1966 – Richie Ren, Taiwanese singer and actor
1967 – Helen Geake, British archaeologist
1969 – Martin Klebba, American actor
1970 – Robert Brooks, American football player
1970 – Martin Deschamps, Canadian singer (Offenbach)
1970 – Yann Tiersen, French composer
1971 – Fred Ewanuick, Canadian actor
1971 – Félix Potvin, Canadian ice hockey player
1972 – Selma Blair, American actress
1972 – Ron Corning, American television anchor
1972 – Zinedine Zidane, French footballer
1973 – Marija Naumova, Latvian singer
1974 – Joel Edgerton, Australian actor
1974 – Mark Hendrickson, American baseball player
1975 – Jeffrey Carlson, American actor
1975 – Kevin Dyson, American football player
1975 – Mike James, American basketball player
1975 – Mik Kersten, Canadian computer scientist
1975 – KT Tunstall, Scottish singer and songwriter
1976 – Wade Barrett, American soccer player
1976 – Joe Becker, American guitarist
1976 – Patrick Monahan, British comedian
1976 – Savvas Poursaitidis, Greek-Cypriot footballer
1976 – Brandon Stokley, American football player
1976 – Emmanuelle Vaugier, Canadian actress
1976 – Patrick Vieira, French footballer
1977 – Miguel Ángel Angulo, Spanish footballer
1977 – Hayden Foxe, Australian footballer
1977 – Jason Mraz, American singer and songwriter
1977 – Shaun O'Hara, American football player
1978 – Memphis Bleek, American rapper
1978 – Frédéric Leclercq, French bassist (DragonForce)
1978 – Matt Light, American football player
1979 – LaDainian Tomlinson, American football player
1980 – Becky Cloonan, American comic book artist
1980 – Ramnaresh Sarwan, Guyanese cricketer
1980 – Francesca Schiavone, Italian tennis player
1981 – Antony Costa, British singer and songwriter (Blue)
1981 – Rolf Wacha, German rugby player
1982 – Derek Boogaard, ice hockey player (d. 2011)
1983 – Jason Berrent, American actor and performer
1983 – Brooks Laich, Canadian ice hockey player
1983 – José Manuel Rojas, Chilean Footballer
1983 – Miles Fisher, American film and television actor and musician
1984 – Duffy, Welsh singer and songwriter
1984 – Takeshi Matsuda, Japanese swimmer
1984 – James Thomas, Jr., American reality show contestant
1984 – Dave Walsh, American professional gamer
1987 – Alessia Filippi, Italian swimmer
1987 – Jacob Lusk, Singer, American Idol season 10 finalist
1988 – Isabella Leong, Macau-born Hong Kong singer, actress and model
1988 – Chellsie Memmel, American gymnast
1989 – Marielle Jaffe, American model and actress
1993 – Marvin Grumann, German footballer
1996 – Charlie Jones, British actor

Deaths

79 – Emperor Vespasian of Rome (b. 9)
1018 – Henry I, Margrave of Austria (birth year unknown)
1222 – Constance of Aragon, consort of Ladislaus III of Hungary and Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. c. 1179)
1555 – Pedro Mascarenhas, Portuguese explorer (b. 1470)
1582 – Shimizu Muneharu, Japanese military leader (b. 1537)
1615 – Mashita Nagamori, Japanese warlord (b. 1545)
1677 – Wilhelm Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1647)
1686 – William Coventry, English statesman (b. c. 1628)
1707 – John Mill, English theologian (b. c. 1645)
1733 – Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, Swiss scholar (b. 1672)
1770 – Mark Akenside, English poet and physician (b. 1721)
1775 – Karl Ludwig, Freiherr von Pöllnitz, German adventurer and writer (b. 1692)
1779 – Mikael Sehul, Ethiopian warlord (b. c. 1691)
1806 – Mathurin Jacques Brisson, French naturalist (b. 1723)
1811 – Nicolau Tolentino de Almeida, Portuguese poet and satirist (b. 1740)
1832 – James Hall, Scottish geologist (b. 1761)
1836 – James Mill, Scottish philosopher and historian, (b. 1773)
1856 – Ivan Kireevsky, Russian literary critic and philosopher (b. 1806)
1891 – Wilhelm Eduard Weber, German physicist (b. 1804)
1891 – Samuel Newitt Wood, American Politician (b. 1825)
1893 – Sir Theophilus Shepstone, British-born South African statesman (b. 1817)
1945 – Giuseppina Tuissi, Italian resistance member (b. 1923)
1949 – Aristidis Stergiadis, Greek governor-general of Smyrna, (b. 1861)
1956 – Reinhold Glière, Russian composer (b. 1875)
1959 – Boris Vian, French writer and musician (b. 1920)
1969 – Volmari Iso-Hollo, Finnish athlete (b. 1907)
1970 – Roscoe Turner, American aviator (b. 1895)
1980 – Sanjay Gandhi, Indian politician; son of Indira Gandhi (b. 1946)
1980 – Clyfford Still, American painter (b. 1904)
1980 – Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Indian politician (b. 1894)
1981 – Zarah Leander, Swedish actress and singer (b. 1907)
1982 – Vincent Chin, Chinese-born American murder victim (b. 1955)
1989 – Werner Best, German jurist and Nazi party leader (b. 1903)
1992 – Eric Andolsek, American football player (b. 1966)
1995 – Jonas Salk, American biologist and physician (b. 1914)
1995 – Anatoli Tarasov, Russian ice hockey coach (b. 1918)
1996 – Andreas Papandreou, Greek politician (b. 1919)
1997 – Betty Shabazz, American educator and widow of Malcolm X (b. 1936)
1998 – Maureen O'Sullivan, Irish actress (b. 1911)
1999 – Buster Merryfield, British actor (b. 1920)
2000 – Peter Dubovský, Slovak footballer (b. 1972)
2000 – Peter L. Pond, American activist and philanthropist (b. 1933)
2001 – Yvonne Dionne, Canadian quintuplet (b. 1934)
2002 – Pedro 'El Rockero' Alcazar, Panamanian boxer (b. 1975)
2005 – Shana Alexander, American journalist (b. 1926)
2005 – Manolis Anagnostakis, Greek poet (b. 1925)
2006 – Aaron Spelling, American television producer (b. 1923)
2006 – Luke Graham, American wrestler (b. 1940)
2007 – Rod Beck, American baseball player (b. 1968)
2008 – Claudio Capone, Italian-born Scottish voice actor (b. 1952)
2008 – Arthur Chung, Guyanan politician (b. 1918)
2008 – Marian Glinka, Polish actor (b. 1943)
2008 – Judith Holzmeister, Austrian actress (b. 1920)
2009 – John Callaway, American journalist (b. 1936)
2009 – Hanne Hiob, German actress (b. 1923)
2009 – Ed McMahon, American television personality (b. 1923)
2009 – Jerri Nielsen, American physician (b. 1952)
2009 – Manuel Saval, Mexican actor (b. 1956)
2011 – Peter Falk, American actor (b. 1927)
2011 – Dennis Marshall, Costa Rican footballer (b. 1985)