Alan Mathison Turing, 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954, was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which played a significant role in the creation of the modern computer.
Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.
Events
- 79 – Titus succeeds his father Vespasian as the tenth Roman Emperor.
- 1180 – First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan.
- 1305 – A peace treaty between the Flemish and the French is signed at Athis-sur-Orge.
- 1314 – First War of Scottish Independence: The Battle of Bannockburn (south of Stirling) begins.
- 1532 – Henry VIII and François I sign a secret treaty against Emperor Charles V.
- 1565 – Turgut Reis (Dragut), commander of the Ottoman navy, dies during the Siege of Malta.
- 1611 – The mutinous crew of Henry Hudson's fourth voyage sets Henry, his son and seven loyal crew members adrift in an open boat in what is now Hudson Bay; they are never heard from again.
- 1661 – Marriage contract between Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza.
- 1683 – William Penn signs a friendship treaty with Lenni Lenape Indians in Pennsylvania.
- 1713 – The French residents of Acadia are given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia, Canada.
- 1757 – Battle of Plassey – 3,000 British troops under Robert Clive defeat a 50,000 strong Indian army under Siraj Ud Daulah at Plassey.
- 1758 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Krefeld – British forces defeat French troops at Krefeld in Germany.
- 1760 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Landeshut – Austria defeats Prussia.
- 1780 – American Revolution: Battle of Springfield fought in and around Springfield, New Jersey (including Short Hills, formerly of Springfield, now of Millburn Township).
- 1794 – Empress Catherine II of Russia grants Jews permission to settle in Kiev.
- 1810 – John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company.
- 1812 – War of 1812: Great Britain revokes the restrictions on American commerce, thus eliminating one of the chief reasons for going to war.
- 1848 – Beginning of the June Days Uprising in Paris, France.
- 1860 – The United States Congress establishes the Government Printing Office.
- 1865 – American Civil War: at Fort Towson in the Oklahoma Territory, Confederate, Brigadier General Stand Watie surrenders the last significant rebel army.
- 1887 – The Rocky Mountains Park Act becomes law in Canada creating the nation's first national park, Banff National Park.
- 1894 – The International Olympic Committee is founded at the Sorbonne in Paris, at the initiative of Baron Pierre de Coubertin.
- 1913 – Second Balkan War: The Greeks defeat the Bulgarians in the Battle of Doiran.
- 1914 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa takes Zacatecas from Victoriano Huerta.
- 1917 – In a game against the Washington Senators, Boston Red Sox pitcher Ernie Shore retires 26 batters in a row after replacing Babe Ruth, who had been ejected for punching the umpire.
- 1919 – Estonian War of Independence: the decisive defeat of the Baltische Landeswehr in the Battle of Cesis. This day is celebrated as Victory Day in Estonia.
- 1926 – The College Board administers the first SAT exam.
- 1931 – Wiley Post and Harold Gatty take off from Roosevelt Field, Long Island in an attempt to circumnavigate the world in a single-engine plane.
- 1938 – The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law, forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the United States.
- 1940 – World War II: German leader Adolf Hitler surveys newly defeated Paris in now occupied France.
- 1941 – The Lithuanian Activist Front declares independence from the Soviet Union and forms the Provisional Government of Lithuania; it lasts only briefly as the Nazis will occupy Lithuania a few weeks later.
- 1942 – World War II: the first selections for the gas chamber at Auschwitz take place on a train full of Jews from Paris.
- 1942 – World War II: Germany's latest fighter, a Focke-Wulf Fw 190, is captured intact when it mistakenly lands at RAF Pembrey in Wales.
- 1943 – World War II: The British destroyers HMS Eclipse and HMS Laforey sink the Italian submarine Ascianghi in the Mediterranean after she torpedoes the cruiser HMS Newfoundland.
- 1946 – The 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake strikes Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.
- 1947 – The United States Senate follows the United States House of Representatives in overriding U.S. President Harry Truman's veto of the Taft-Hartley Act.
- 1956 – The French National Assembly takes the first step in creating the French Community by passing the Loi Cadre, transferring a number of powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French West Africa.
- 1958 – The Dutch Reformed Church accepts women ministers.
- 1959 – Convicted Manhattan Project spy Klaus Fuchs is released after only nine years in prison and allowed to emigrate to Dresden, East Germany where he resumes a scientific career.
- 1959 – A fire in a resort hotel in Stalheim (Norway) kills 34 people.
- 1960 – The United States Food and Drug Administration declares Enovid to be the first officially approved combined oral contraceptive pill in the world.
- 1961 – Cold War: the Antarctic Treaty, which sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and bans military activity on the continent, comes into force after the opening date for signature set for the December 1, 1959.
- 1967 – Cold War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson meets with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin in Glassboro, New Jersey for the three-day Glassboro Summit Conference.
- 1968 – 74 are killed and 150 injured in a football stampede towards a closed exit in a Buenos Aires stadium.
- 1969 – Warren E. Burger is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court by retiring Chief Justice Earl Warren.
- 1972 – Watergate Scandal: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon and White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman are taped talking about using the Central Intelligence Agency to obstruct the Federal Bureau of Investigation's investigation into the Watergate break-ins.
- 1972 – Title IX of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 is amended to prohibit sexual discrimination to any educational program receiving federal funds.
- 1973 – A fire at a house in Hull, England which kills a six year old boy is passed off as an accident; it later emerges as the first of 26 deaths by fire caused over the next seven years by arsonist Peter Dinsdale.
- 1982 – Chinese Americana> Vincent Chin is beaten to death in Highland Park, Michigan, by two auto workers who had mistaken him for Japanese and who were angry about the success of Japanese auto companies.
- 1985 – A terrorist bomb aboard Air India flight 182 brings the Boeing 747 down off the coast of Ireland killing all 329 aboard.
Births
- 47 BC – Ptolemy Caesarion of Egypt; son of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra (d. 30 BC)
- 1373 – Queen Joan II of Naples (d. 1435)
- 1433 – Francis II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1488)
- 1456 – Margaret of Denmark, wife of James III of Scotland (d. 1486)
- 1534 – Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (d. 1582)
- 1596 – Johan Banér, Swedish soldier (d. 1641)
- 1612 – André Tacquet, Flemish mathematician (d. 1660)
- 1668 – Giambattista Vico, Italian philosopher and historian (d. 1744)
- 1683 – Etienne Fourmont, French orientalist (d. 1745)
- 1703 – Queen Marie Leszczynska, Polish-born wife of Louis XV of France (d. 1768)
- 1711 – Giovanni Battista Guadagnini, Italian Emiliano luthier, regarded as one of the finest craftsmen of string instruments in history (d. 1786)
- 1716 – Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley, English politician (d. 1789)
- 1750 – Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu, French geologist (d. 1801)
- 1763 – Joséphine de Beauharnais, wife of Napoleon I Bonaparte (d. 1814)
- 1799 – John Milton Bernhisel, American physician (d. 1881)
- 1800 – Karol Marcinkowski, Polish physician and social activist (d. 1846)
- 1824 – Carl Reinecke, German musician and composer (d. 1910)
- 1863 – Sándor Bródy, Hungarian writer (d. 1924)
- 1884 – Cyclone Taylor, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1979)
- 1888 – Bronson M. Cutting, American politician (d. 1935)
- 1888 – Lee Moran, American actor (d. 1961)
- 1889 – Anna Akhmatova, Russian poet (d. 1966)
- 1894 – Alfred Kinsey, American entomologist and sexologist (d. 1956)
- 1894 – King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (d. 1972)
- 1897 – Alexandru Giugaru, Romanian actor (d. 1986)
- 1902 – Mathias Wieman, German actor (d. 1969)
- 1903 – Paul Joseph James Martin, Canadian politician (d. 1992)
- 1905 – Jack Pickersgill, Canadian politician (d. 1997)
- 1906 – King Tribhuvan of Nepal (d. 1955)
- 1907 – James Meade, English economist, Nobel laureate (d. 1995)
- 1907 – Dercy Gonçalves, Brazilian comedienne (d. 2008)
- 1909 – David Lewis, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 1981)
- 1910 – Jean Anouilh, French dramatist (d. 1987)
- 1910 – Gordon B. Hinckley, American religious figure (d. 2008)
- 1910 – Milt Hinton, American jazz bassist (d. 2000)
- 1912 – Alan Turing, English mathematician (d. 1954)
- 1916 – Len Hutton, English cricketer (d. 1990)
- 1919 – Mohamed Boudiaf, Algerian political leader (d. 1992)
- 1922 – Hal Laycoe, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1998)
- 1923 – Giuseppina Tuissi, Italian resistance member (d. 1945)
- 1925 – Miriam Karlin, English actress (d. 2011)
- 1927 – Bob Fosse, American choreographer (d. 1987)
- 1928 – Jean Cione, American All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player (d. 2010)
- 1929 – June Carter Cash, American singer (d. 2003)
- 1929 – Donn F. Eisele, American astronaut (d. 1987)
- 1935 – Maurice Ferre, American politician
- 1936 – Costas Simitis, Greek politician
- 1937 – Martti Ahtisaari, Finnish statesman, Nobel laureate
- 1937 – Niki Sullivan, American guitarist (The Crickets) (d. 2004)
- 1940 – Adam Faith, English singer and actor (d. 2003)
- 1940 – Lord Irvine of Lairg, Scottish Lord Chancellor of Great Britain
- 1940 – Wilma Rudolph, American runner (d. 1994)
- 1940 – Stuart Sutcliffe, English painter and bassist (The Beatles) (d. 1962)
- 1941 – Robert Hunter, American lyricist and poet (The Grateful Dead)
- 1941 – Roger McDonald, Australian writer
- 1941 – Richard M. Roberts, American attorney
- 1943 – Vint Cerf, American computer scientist
- 1943 – James Levine, American conductor
- 1945 – John Garang, Sudanese politician (d. 2005)
- 1945 – Kjell Albin Abrahamson, Swedish journalist and writer
- 1946 – Ted Shackelford, American actor
- 1947 – Bryan Brown, Australian actor
- 1948 – Myles Goodwyn, Canadian guitarist and vocalist (April Wine)
- 1948 – Luther Kent, American blues singer
- 1948 – Darhyl S. Ramsey, American author
- 1948 – Clarence Thomas, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- 1949 – Gordon Bray, Australian sports broadcaster
- 1951 – Jim Metzler, American actor
- 1951 – Michèle Mouton, French racecar driver
- 1951 – Angelo Falcón, American political scientist, Latino community advocate
- 1952 – Anthony Jackson, American electric bass guitar player
- 1955 – Pierre Corbeil, Canadian politician
- 1955 – Glenn Danzig, American musician
- 1955 – Maggie Greenwald, American film director and writer
- 1955 – Jordan, British actress and model
- 1955 – Jean Tigana, French footballer
- 1956 – Tony Hill, American football player
- 1956 – Randy Jackson, American music producer
- 1957 – Frances McDormand, American actress
- 1960 – Donald Harrison, American jazz saxophonist
- 1960 – Tatsuya Uemura, Japanese arcade game programmer
- 1961 – Zoran Janjetov, Serbian comic artist
- 1961 – LaSalle Thompson, American basketball player
- 1962 – Chuck Billy, American singer (Testament)
- 1962 – Steve Shelley, American drummer (The Crucifucks, Sonic Youth)
- 1962 – Kari Takko, Finnish ice hockey player
- 1962 – Kevin Yagher, American special effects technician
- 1963 – Colin Montgomerie, Scottish golfer
- 1964 – Yun Lou, Chinese gymnast
- 1964 – Joss Whedon, American producer, director, and screenwriter
- 1965 – Paul Arthurs, British guitarist (Oasis)
- 1965 – Natalia Germanou Greek lyricist, television hostess, radio producer, DJ and journalist
- 1965 – Mitch Longley American actor
- 1966 – Chico DeBarge, American R&B singer (DeBarge)
- 1966 – Richie Ren, Taiwanese singer and actor
- 1967 – Helen Geake, British archaeologist
- 1969 – Martin Klebba, American actor
- 1970 – Robert Brooks, American football player
- 1970 – Martin Deschamps, Canadian singer (Offenbach)
- 1970 – Yann Tiersen, French composer
- 1971 – Fred Ewanuick, Canadian actor
- 1971 – Félix Potvin, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1972 – Selma Blair, American actress
- 1972 – Ron Corning, American television anchor
- 1972 – Zinedine Zidane, French footballer
- 1973 – Marija Naumova, Latvian singer
- 1974 – Joel Edgerton, Australian actor
- 1974 – Mark Hendrickson, American baseball player
- 1975 – Jeffrey Carlson, American actor
- 1975 – Kevin Dyson, American football player
- 1975 – Mike James, American basketball player
- 1975 – Mik Kersten, Canadian computer scientist
- 1975 – KT Tunstall, Scottish singer and songwriter
- 1976 – Wade Barrett, American soccer player
- 1976 – Joe Becker, American guitarist
- 1976 – Patrick Monahan, British comedian
- 1976 – Savvas Poursaitidis, Greek-Cypriot footballer
- 1976 – Brandon Stokley, American football player
- 1976 – Emmanuelle Vaugier, Canadian actress
- 1976 – Patrick Vieira, French footballer
- 1977 – Miguel Ángel Angulo, Spanish footballer
- 1977 – Hayden Foxe, Australian footballer
- 1977 – Jason Mraz, American singer and songwriter
- 1977 – Shaun O'Hara, American football player
- 1978 – Memphis Bleek, American rapper
- 1978 – Frédéric Leclercq, French bassist (DragonForce)
- 1978 – Matt Light, American football player
- 1979 – LaDainian Tomlinson, American football player
- 1980 – Becky Cloonan, American comic book artist
- 1980 – Ramnaresh Sarwan, Guyanese cricketer
- 1980 – Francesca Schiavone, Italian tennis player
- 1981 – Antony Costa, British singer and songwriter (Blue)
- 1981 – Rolf Wacha, German rugby player
- 1982 – Derek Boogaard, ice hockey player (d. 2011)
- 1983 – Jason Berrent, American actor and performer
- 1983 – Brooks Laich, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1983 – José Manuel Rojas, Chilean Footballer
- 1983 – Miles Fisher, American film and television actor and musician
- 1984 – Duffy, Welsh singer and songwriter
- 1984 – Takeshi Matsuda, Japanese swimmer
- 1984 – James Thomas, Jr., American reality show contestant
- 1984 – Dave Walsh, American professional gamer
- 1987 – Alessia Filippi, Italian swimmer
- 1987 – Jacob Lusk, Singer, American Idol season 10 finalist
- 1988 – Isabella Leong, Macau-born Hong Kong singer, actress and model
- 1988 – Chellsie Memmel, American gymnast
- 1989 – Marielle Jaffe, American model and actress
- 1993 – Marvin Grumann, German footballer
- 1996 – Charlie Jones, British actor
Deaths
- 79 – Emperor Vespasian of Rome (b. 9)
- 1018 – Henry I, Margrave of Austria (birth year unknown)
- 1222 – Constance of Aragon, consort of Ladislaus III of Hungary and Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. c. 1179)
- 1555 – Pedro Mascarenhas, Portuguese explorer (b. 1470)
- 1582 – Shimizu Muneharu, Japanese military leader (b. 1537)
- 1615 – Mashita Nagamori, Japanese warlord (b. 1545)
- 1677 – Wilhelm Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1647)
- 1686 – William Coventry, English statesman (b. c. 1628)
- 1707 – John Mill, English theologian (b. c. 1645)
- 1733 – Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, Swiss scholar (b. 1672)
- 1770 – Mark Akenside, English poet and physician (b. 1721)
- 1775 – Karl Ludwig, Freiherr von Pöllnitz, German adventurer and writer (b. 1692)
- 1779 – Mikael Sehul, Ethiopian warlord (b. c. 1691)
- 1806 – Mathurin Jacques Brisson, French naturalist (b. 1723)
- 1811 – Nicolau Tolentino de Almeida, Portuguese poet and satirist (b. 1740)
- 1832 – James Hall, Scottish geologist (b. 1761)
- 1836 – James Mill, Scottish philosopher and historian, (b. 1773)
- 1856 – Ivan Kireevsky, Russian literary critic and philosopher (b. 1806)
- 1891 – Wilhelm Eduard Weber, German physicist (b. 1804)
- 1891 – Samuel Newitt Wood, American Politician (b. 1825)
- 1893 – Sir Theophilus Shepstone, British-born South African statesman (b. 1817)
- 1945 – Giuseppina Tuissi, Italian resistance member (b. 1923)
- 1949 – Aristidis Stergiadis, Greek governor-general of Smyrna, (b. 1861)
- 1956 – Reinhold Glière, Russian composer (b. 1875)
- 1959 – Boris Vian, French writer and musician (b. 1920)
- 1969 – Volmari Iso-Hollo, Finnish athlete (b. 1907)
- 1970 – Roscoe Turner, American aviator (b. 1895)
- 1980 – Sanjay Gandhi, Indian politician; son of Indira Gandhi (b. 1946)
- 1980 – Clyfford Still, American painter (b. 1904)
- 1980 – Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Indian politician (b. 1894)
- 1981 – Zarah Leander, Swedish actress and singer (b. 1907)
- 1982 – Vincent Chin, Chinese-born American murder victim (b. 1955)
- 1989 – Werner Best, German jurist and Nazi party leader (b. 1903)
- 1992 – Eric Andolsek, American football player (b. 1966)
- 1995 – Jonas Salk, American biologist and physician (b. 1914)
- 1995 – Anatoli Tarasov, Russian ice hockey coach (b. 1918)
- 1996 – Andreas Papandreou, Greek politician (b. 1919)
- 1997 – Betty Shabazz, American educator and widow of Malcolm X (b. 1936)
- 1998 – Maureen O'Sullivan, Irish actress (b. 1911)
- 1999 – Buster Merryfield, British actor (b. 1920)
- 2000 – Peter Dubovský, Slovak footballer (b. 1972)
- 2000 – Peter L. Pond, American activist and philanthropist (b. 1933)
- 2001 – Yvonne Dionne, Canadian quintuplet (b. 1934)
- 2002 – Pedro 'El Rockero' Alcazar, Panamanian boxer (b. 1975)
- 2005 – Shana Alexander, American journalist (b. 1926)
- 2005 – Manolis Anagnostakis, Greek poet (b. 1925)
- 2006 – Aaron Spelling, American television producer (b. 1923)
- 2006 – Luke Graham, American wrestler (b. 1940)
- 2007 – Rod Beck, American baseball player (b. 1968)
- 2008 – Claudio Capone, Italian-born Scottish voice actor (b. 1952)
- 2008 – Arthur Chung, Guyanan politician (b. 1918)
- 2008 – Marian Glinka, Polish actor (b. 1943)
- 2008 – Judith Holzmeister, Austrian actress (b. 1920)
- 2009 – John Callaway, American journalist (b. 1936)
- 2009 – Hanne Hiob, German actress (b. 1923)
- 2009 – Ed McMahon, American television personality (b. 1923)
- 2009 – Jerri Nielsen, American physician (b. 1952)
- 2009 – Manuel Saval, Mexican actor (b. 1956)
- 2011 – Peter Falk, American actor (b. 1927)
- 2011 – Dennis Marshall, Costa Rican footballer (b. 1985)
Holidays and observances
- Father's Day (Nicaragua, Poland, Uganda)
- Grand Duke's Official Birthday (Luxembourg)
- National Day of Remembrance for Victims of Terrorism (Canada)
- St John's Eve and the first day of the Midsummer celebrations (although this is not the real summer solstice, see June 20) (Roman Catholic Church, Northern Europe):
- First day of Golowan Festival (Cornwall)
- First night of Ivan Kupala Day
- Jaaniõhtu (Estonia)
- Last day of Dragaica fair (Buzau, Romania)
- Ligo (Latvia)
- United Nations Public Service Day (International)
- Victory Day (Estonia)
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