Michael Faraday, FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include that of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.
Albert Einstein kept a picture of Faraday on his study wall, alongside pictures of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell. Physicist Ernest Rutherford stated; "When we consider the magnitude and extent of his discoveries and their influence on the progress of science and of industry, there is no honour too great to pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the greatest scientific discoverers of all time".
Events
- 66 – Roman Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica.
- 1236 – The Lithuanians and Semigallians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in the Battle of Saule.
- 1499 – Treaty of Basel: Switzerland becomes an independent state.
- 1586 – Battle of Zutphen: Spanish victory over the English and Dutch.
- 1598 – English playwright Ben Jonson kills an actor in a duel and is indicted for manslaughter.
- 1692 – Last people hanged for witchcraft in Britain's North American colonies.
- 1711 – The Tuscarora War begins in present-day North Carolina.
- 1761 – George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz are crowned King and Queen, respectively, of the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- 1776 – Nathan Hale is hanged for spying during American Revolution.
- 1789 – The office of United States Postmaster General is established.
- 1789 – Battle of Rymnik establishes Alexander Suvorov as a pre-eminent Russian military commander after his allied army defeat superior Ottoman Empire forces.
- 1792 – Primidi Vendémiaire of year 1 of the French Republican Calendar as the French First Republic comes into being.
- 1823 – Joseph Smith, Jr. states he found the Golden plates on this date after being directed by God through the Angel Moroni to the place where they were buried.
- 1857 – The Russian warship Lefort capsizes and sinks during a storm in the Gulf of Finland, killing all 826 aboard.
- 1862 – Slavery in the United States: a preliminary version of the Emancipation Proclamation is released.
- 1866 – Battle of Curupaity in the Paraguayan War.
- 1869 – Richard Wagner's opera Das Rheingold premieres in Munich.
- 1885 – Lord Randolph Churchill makes a speech in Ulster in opposition to Home Rule.
- 1888 – The first issue of National Geographic Magazine is published.
- 1896 – Queen Victoria surpasses her grandfather King George III as the longest reigning monarch in British history.
- 1908 – The Bulgarian Declaration of Independence is proclaimed.
- 1910 – The Duke of York's Picture House opens in Brighton, now the oldest continually operating cinema in Britain.
- 1919 – The steel strike of 1919, led by the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, begins in Pennsylvania before spreading across the United States.
- 1927 – Jack Dempsey loses the "Long Count" boxing match to Gene Tunney.
- 1934 – An explosion takes place at Gresford Colliery in Wales, leading to the deaths of 266 miners and rescuers.
- 1937 – Spanish Civil War: Peña Blanca is taken; the end of the Battle of El Mazuco.
- 1939 – Joint victory parade of Wehrmacht and Red Army in Brest-Litovsk at the end of the Invasion of Poland.
- 1941 – World War II: On Jewish New Year Day, the German SS murder 6,000 Jews in Vinnytsya, Ukraine. Those are the survivors of the previous killings that took place a few days earlier in which about 24,000 Jews were executed.
- 1955 – In the United Kingdom, the television channel ITV goes live for the first time.
- 1957 – In Haiti, François Duvalier is elected president.
- 1960 – The Sudanese Republic is renamed Mali after the withdrawal of Senegal from the Mali Federation.
- 1965 – The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 (also known as the Second Kashmir War) between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, ends after the UN calls for a cease-fire.
- 1975 – Sara Jane Moore tries to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford, but is foiled by Oliver Sipple.
- 1979 – The Vela Incident (also known as the South Atlantic Flash) is observed near Bouvet Island, thought to be a nuclear weapons test.
- 1980 – Iraq invades Iran.
- 1991 – The Dead Sea Scrolls are made available to the public for the first time by the Huntington Library.
- 1993 – A barge strikes a railroad bridge near Mobile, Alabama, causing the deadliest train wreck in Amtrak history. 47 passengers are killed.
- 1993 – A Transair Georgian Airlines Tu-154 is shot down by a missile in Sukhumi, Georgia.
- 1994 – The television sitcom Friends, about six young adults living in New York City, debuts on NBC.
- 1995 – An E-3B AWACS crashes outside Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska after multiple bird strikes to two of the four engines soon after takeoff; all 24 on board are killed.
- 1995 – Nagerkovil school bombing, is carried out by Sri Lankan Air Force in which at least 34 die, most of them ethnic Tamil school children.
- 2011 – CERN scientists announce their discovery of neutrinos breaking the speed of light
Births
- 1515 – Anne of Cleves, English noblewoman (d. 1557)
- 1547 – Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin, German philologist and poet (d. 1590)
- 1593 – Matthäus Merian, Swiss engraver (d. 1650)
- 1601 – Anne of Austria, French noblewoman (d. 1666)
- 1606 – Li Zicheng, Emperor of China (d. 1645)
- 1680 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (d. 1747)
- 1694 – Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, English statesman (d. 1773)
- 1715 – Jean-Étienne Guettard, French physician and scientist (d. 1786)
- 1717 – Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin, Swedish astronomer (d. 1783)
- 1722 – John Home, Scottish writer (d. 1808)
- 1741 – Peter Simon Pallas, German zoologist (d. 1811)
- 1743 – Quintin Craufurd, British author (d. 1819)
- 1765 – Paolo Ruffini, Italian mathematician (d. 1822)
- 1788 – Theodore Hook, English author (d. 1841)
- 1791 – Michael Faraday, English scientist (d. 1867)
- 1819 – Wilhelm Wattenbach, German historian (d. 1897)
- 1829 – Tu Duc, Emperor of Vietnam (d. 1883)
- 1868 – Louise McKinney, Canadian politician and activist (d. 1931)
- 1869 – Adrien de Noailles, French noble (d. 1953)
- 1870 – Charlotte Cooper, English tennis player (d. 1966)
- 1870 – Arthur Pryor American trombonist and bandleader (d. 1942)
- 1875 – Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis, Lithuanian painter and composer (d. 1911)
- 1876 – André Tardieu, Prime Minister of France (d. 1945)
- 1878 – Yoshida Shigeru, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1967)
- 1880 – Dame Christabel Pankhurst, English suffragist (d. 1958)
- 1882 – Wilhelm Keitel, German field marshal (d. 1946)
- 1883 – Ferenc Oslay, Hungarian-Slovene historian, writer and irredenta (d. 1932)
- 1885 – Gunnar Asplund, Swedish architect (d. 1940)
- 1885 – Ben Chifley, Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1951)
- 1885 – Erich von Stroheim, Austrian-born actor (d. 1957)
- 1887 – Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil, Indian activist (d. 1959)
- 1889 – Hooks Dauss, American baseball player (d. 1963)
- 1891 – Hans Albers, German actor and singer (d. 1960)
- 1892 – Billy West, American actor (d. 1975)
- 1894 – Elisabeth Rethberg, German singer(d. 1976)
- 1895 – Paul Muni, Polish-born actor (d. 1967)
- 1896 – Uri Zvi Grinberg, Israeli poet and journalist (d. 1981)
- 1896 – Henry Segrave, British racing driver (d. 1930)
- 1898 – Katharine Alexander, American actress (d. 1981)
- 1900 – Paul H. Emmett, American chemical engineer (d. 1985)
- 1900 – William Spratling, American silversmith (d. 1967)
- 1901 – Charles B. Huggins, Canadian-born scientist, Nobel laureate (d. 1997)
- 1902 – John Houseman, Romanian-born actor (d. 1988)
- 1902 – Ruhollah Khomeini, Iranian revolutionary leader (d. 1989)
- 1903 – Joseph Valachi, American gangster (d. 1971)
- 1904 – Ellen Church, American stewardess (d. 1965)
- 1905 – Haakon Lie, Norwegian politician (d. 2009)
- 1905 – Eugen Sänger, Austrian engineer (d. 1964)
- 1906 – Ilse Koch, German nazi war criminal (d. 1967)
- 1907 – Philip Fotheringham-Parker, British race car driver (d. 1981)
- 1907 – Hermann Schlichting, German engineer (d. 1982)
- 1908 – Esphyr Slobodkina, Russian-American children's author (d. 2002)
- 1909 – John Engstead, American photographer (d. 1983)
- 1910 – György Faludy, Hungarian poet (d. 2006)
- 1912 – Herbert Mataré, German physicist and inventor
- 1912 – Martha Scott, American actress (d. 2003)
- 1915 – Arthur Lowe, British actor (d. 1982)
- 1918 – Hans Scholl, German activist (d. 1943)
- 1918 – Henryk Szeryng, Polish-born violinist (d. 1988)
- 1920 – Eric Baker, British activist (d. 1976)
- 1920 – Anders Lassen, Danish military officer (d. 1945)
- 1920 – Bob Lemon, American baseball player (d. 2000)
- 1920 – William H. Riker, American political scientist (d. 1993)
- 1922 – Romeo Cascarino, American composer (d. 2002)
- 1922 – Chen Ning Yang, Chinese-born physicist, Nobel laureate
- 1923 – Dannie Abse, Welsh poet and writer
- 1924 – Bernard Gauthier, French cyclist
- 1924 – Charles Keeping, British illustrator (d. 1988)
- 1924 – Rosamunde Pilcher, English novelist
- 1925 – Virginia Capers, American actress (d. 2004)
- 1926 – Leila Hadley, American travel writer (d. 2009)
- 1926 – Bill Smith, American musician
- 1927 – Gordon Astall, English footballer
- 1927 – Colette Deréal, French singer and actress (d. 1988)
- 1927 – Tommy Lasorda, American baseball manager
- 1928 – Eric Broadley, British engineer and MBE
- 1928 – James Lawson, American civil rights activist
- 1928 – Eugene Roche, American actor (d. 2004)
- 1929 – Serge Garant, Canadian conductor (d. 1986)
- 1930 – Joni James, American singer
- 1930 – P. B. Sreenivas, Indian singer
- 1931 – Manzoor Ahmad, Pakistani philosopher
- 1931 – Fay Weldon, British writer
- 1931 – George Younger, Scottish politician and banker (d. 2003)
- 1932 – Ingemar Johansson, Swedish boxer (d. 2009)
- 1933 – Leonardo Balada, Spanish-born American composer
- 1933 – T. Cullen Davis, American heir
- 1934 – Jack McGregor, American lawyer and politician
- 1934 – Lute Olson, American basketball coach
- 1936 – Maurice Evans, English footballer and manager (d. 2000)
- 1938 – Gene Mingo, American football player
- 1939 – Gilbert E. Patterson, American minister (d. 2007)
- 1939 – Junko Tabei, Japanese mountaineer
- 1940 – Anna Karina, Danish born actress
- 1941 – Anna Tomowa-Sintow, Bulgarian soprano
- 1941 – Jeremiah Wright, American pastor
- 1942 – George Erik Rupp, American educator and theologian
- 1942 – David Stern, American basketball commissioner
- 1942 – Marlena Shaw, American singer
- 1943 – Toni Basil, American singer
- 1943 – Paul Hoffert, American musician
- 1943 – Barry Cable, Australian footballer
- 1944 – Brian Gibson, British director (d. 2004)
- 1946 – King Sunny Adé, Nigerian singer
- 1946 – Dan Baker, American public address announcer
- 1946 – Larry Dierker, American baseball player and manager
- 1947 – Robert Morace, American writer
- 1947 – Jo Beverley, English-Canadian writer
- 1948 – Denis Burke, Australian politician
- 1948 – Jim Byrnes, American actor and musician
- 1949 – James Cartwright, American general
- 1949 – Jim Keith, American author (d. 1999)
- 1949 – Jim McGinty, Australian politician
- 1950 – Kirill "Kirka" Babitzin, Finnish singer (d. 2007)
- 1951 – David Coverdale, English singer
- 1952 – Bob Goodlatte, American politician
- 1952 – Gary Holton, English actor and musician (d. 1985)
- 1952 – Paul Le Mat, American actor
- 1952 – M.R. Sukhumbhand Paribatra, Thai politician
- 1953 – Richard Fairbrass, English singer
- 1953 – Ségolène Royal, French politician
- 1954 – Shari Belafonte, American singer, actor, model
- 1954 – Randy Lanier, American race car driver and criminal
- 1955 – Jeffrey Leonard, American baseball player
- 1956 – Debby Boone, American singer
- 1956 – Robert Bowlin, American musician
- 1956 – David Krakauer, American musician
- 1956 – Masayuki Suzuki, Japanese singer (Rats & Star)
- 1956 – Doug Wimbish, American bass guitar player
- 1957 – Nick Cave, Australian musician
- 1957 – Johnette Napolitano, American musician
- 1957 – Giuseppe Saronni, Italian cyclist
- 1958 – Andrea Bocelli, Italian tenor
- 1958 – Neil Cavuto, American television commentator
- 1958 – Christian Dozzler, Austrian-born American musician
- 1958 – Lynn Herring, American actress
- 1958 – Joan Jett, American singer
- 1959 – Tai Babilonia, American figure skater
- 1959 – Mark Patton, American actor
- 1959 – Saul Perlmutter, American astrophysicist, Nobel Laureate
- 1960 – Scott Baio, American actor
- 1960 – Ernest Martin, American ciminal (d. 2003)
- 1961 – Vince Coleman, American baseball player
- 1961 – Bonnie Hunt, American actress
- 1961 – Diane Lemieux, Canadian politician
- 1961 – Catherine Oxenberg, British actress
- 1961 – Marq Torien, American singer (BulletBoys)
- 1961 – Michael Torke, American composer
- 1962 – Normand D'Amour, Canadian actor
- 1962 – Diogo Mainardi, Brazilian writer
- 1964 – Dr. Liam Fox, British politician
- 1964 – Juha Turunen, Finnish politician and criminal
- 1964 – Ken Vandermark, American musician
- 1965 – Andy Cairns, Irish musician
- 1965 – Tony Drago, Maltese snooker player
- 1965 – Mark Guthrie, American baseball player
- 1965 – Robert Satcher, American astronaut
- 1966 – Moustafa Amar, Egyptian singer
- 1966 – Ruth Jones, Welsh Actress
- 1966 – Wes Platt, American journalist and computer game designer
- 1966 – Stefan Rehn, Swedish footballer
- 1966 – Mike Richter, American ice hockey player
- 1967 – Matt Besser, American comedian
- 1967 – Rickard Rydell, Swedish race car driver
- 1967 – Félix Savón, Cuban boxer
- 1967 – Kim Watkins, Australian TV presenter
- 1969 – Sue Perkins, English comedienne
- 1969 – Tuomas Kantelinen, Finnish composer
- 1969 – Matt Sharp, American musician (Weezer, The Rentals)
- 1970 – Mike Matheny, American baseball player
- 1970 – Mystikal, American rapper
- 1970 – Rupert Penry-Jones, British actor
- 1970 – Emmanuel Petit, French footballer
- 1971 – Elizabeth Bear, American author
- 1971 – Chesney Hawkes, English singer
- 1971 – Kostas Kaiafas, Greek footballer
- 1971 – Princess Märtha Louise of Norway
- 1973 – Blake Sennett, American musician
- 1974 – Yoo Chae-yeong, South Korean singer and actress
- 1975 – Roberto Flores, American rapper
- 1975 – Ethan Moreau, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1975 – Svilen Noev, Bulgarian singer-songwriter
- 1975 – Bob Sapp, American boxer and kickboxer
- 1976 – David Berkeley, American singer-songwriter
- 1977 – Paul Sculthorpe, English rugby league footballer
- 1978 – Ed Joyce, Irish cricketer
- 1978 – Harry Kewell, Australian soccer player
- 1979 – Emilie Autumn, American singer and musician
- 1979 – Swin Cash, American basketball player
- 1979 – Michael Graziadei, American actor
- 1980 – Ray Foley, Irish radio personality
- 1980 – Fernanda Tavares, Brazilian model
- 1981 – Ashley Eckstein, American actress
- 1981 – Subaru Shibutani, Japanese singer (Kanjani Eight)
- 1982 – Domenic Cassisi, Australian rules footballer
- 1982 – Mandy Chiang, Hong Kong singer and actress
- 1982 – Kosuke Kitajima, Japanese swimmer
- 1982 – Billie Piper, English singer and actress
- 1982 – Maarten Stekelenburg, Dutch footballer
- 1984 – Theresa Fu, Chinese singer and actress
- 1984 – Ross Jarman, English drummer (The Cribs)
- 1984 – Eduardo Rubio, Chilean footballer
- 1984 – Thiago Silva, Brazilian footballer
- 1984 – Laura Vandervoort, Canadian actress
- 1985 – Matteo Cavagna, Italian footballer
- 1985 – Rima Fakih, Lebanese-born American pageant winner
- 1985 – Faris Haroun, Belgian footballer
- 1985 – Jamie Mackie, Scottish footballer
- 1987 – Derick Brassard, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1987 – Stefan Denifl, Austrian cyclist
- 1987 – Tom Felton, English actor
- 1988 – Bethany Dillon, American musician
- 1989 – Cœur de pirate, Canadian singer-songwriter
- 1989 – Kim Hyo-yeon, South Korean singer (Girls' Generation)
- 1989 – Sabine Lisicki German tennis player
- 1990 – Denard Robinson, American football player
- 1992 – Gabriel Vasconcelos Ferreira, Brazilian footballer
- 1993 – Chase Ellison, American actor
- 1999 – Tallan Latz, American guitarist
Deaths
- 1072 – Ouyang Xiu, Chinese statesman (b. 1007)
- 1253 – Dogen, Japanese Zen Buddhist (b. 1200)
- 1345 – Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster (b. 1281)
- 1399 – Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, English politician (b. 1366)
- 1520 – Selim I, Ottoman sultan (b. 1465)
- 1539 – Guru Nanak Dev, Talwandi religious leader (b. 1469)
- 1554 – Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, Spanish explorer (b. 1510)
- 1566 – Johannes Agricola, German religious reformer (b. 1494)
- 1607 – Alessandro Allori, Italian painter (b. 1535)
- 1658 – Georg Philipp Harsdorffer, German poet (b. 1607)
- 1662 – John Biddle, English theologian (b. 1615)
- 1692 – Martha Corey, Colonial American accused witch
- 1703 – Vincenzo Viviani, Italian mathematician and scientist (b. 1622)
- 1774 – Pope Clement XIV (b. 1705)
- 1776 – Nathan Hale, American army captain and distinguished hero (b. 1755)
- 1777 – John Bartram, American botanist (b. 1699)
- 1828 – Shaka, South African Zulu monarch (b. 1787)
- 1852 – William Tierney Clark, English civil engineer (b. 1783)
- 1872 – Vladimir Dal, Russian lexicographer (b. 1801)
- 1873 – Friedrich Frey-Herosé, Swiss politician (b. 1801)
- 1881 – Solomon L. Spink, American politician (b. 1831)
- 1913 – Tôn Th?t Thuy?t, Emperor of Vietnam (b. 1839)
- 1914 – Alain-Fournier, French writer (b. 1886)
- 1919 – Alajos Gáspár, Slovene writer in Hungary (b. 1848)
- 1952 – Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, 1st President of Finland (b. 1865)
- 1956 – Frederick Soddy, English chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1877)
- 1957 – Toyoda Soemu, Japanese admiral (b. 1885)
- 1961 – Marion Davies, American actress (b. 1897)
- 1969 – Adolfo López Mateos, President of Mexico (b. 1909)
- 1973 – Paul van Zeeland, Belgian economist and politician (b. 1893)
- 1981 – Harry Warren, American composer and lyricist (b. 1893)
- 1987 – Hákun Djurhuus, Faroese politician, 4th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (b. 1908)
- 1987 – Dan Rowan, American actor and comedian (b. 1922)
- 1988 – Rais Amrohvi, Pakistani poet and psychoanalyst (b. 1914)
- 1989 – Irving Berlin, American songwriter (b. 1888)
- 1992 – Aurelio López, Mexican baseball player (b. 1948)
- 1993 – Maurice Abravanel, Greek-born conductor (b. 1903)
- 1994 – Leonard Feather, British musician and journalist (b. 1914)
- 1996 – Ludmilla Chiriaeff, Canadian ballet dancer and director (b. 1924)
- 1996 – Dorothy Lamour, American actress (b. 1914)
- 1999 – George C. Scott, American actor (b. 1927)
- 2000 – Saburo Sakai, Japanese aviator, (b. 1916)
- 2001 – Isaac Stern, Ukrainian violinist (b. 1920)
- 2002 – Jan de Hartog, Dutch-born writer (b. 1914)
- 2003 – Gordon Jump, American actor (b. 1932)
- 2003 – Wolfgang Peters, German footballer (b. 1929)
- 2003 – Hugo Young, British journalist (b. 1938)
- 2004 – Pete Schoening, American mountaineer (b. 1927)
- 2004 – Ray Traylor, American wrestler (b. 1962)
- 2006 – Edward Albert, American actor (b. 1951)
- 2006 – Carla Benschop, Dutch basketball player (b. 1950)
- 2007 – Bodinho, Brazilian footballer (b. 1928)
- 2007 – Marcel Marceau, French mime artist (b. 1923)
- 2008 – Thomas Dörflein, German zookeeper (b. 1963)
- 2010 – Eddie Fisher, American singer (b. 1928)
Holidays and observances
- American Business Women's Day (United States)
- Car-Free Day (Europe and Montreal, Canada)
- Christian Feast Day:
- Earliest date for the autumnal equinox:
- French Republican New Year, the first day ("Grape") in the Month of Vendémiaire. (French Revolution)
- Harvest Festival, celebrated on Harvest Moon, the full moon nearest to the autumnal equinox. (Britain)
- Mabon in the northern hemisphere, Ostara in the southern hemisphere. (Neopagan Wheel of the Year)
- The first day of Mikeli (ancient Latvia)
- Chuseok, the Korean harvest festival, celebrated on the Harvest Moon. One of the major Korean holidays. (South Korea)
- Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire in 1908.
- Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Mali from France in 1960.
- OneWebDay, an annual day of Internet celebration and awareness, started in 2006.
- Some Latter Day Saints recognise it as "Trumpet Day," or the day that Joseph Smith received the golden plates, which later became the Book of Mormon, from the angel Moroni.
- Hobbit Day, a day celebrating the fictional characters Bilbo and Frodo Baggins, as a part of Tolkien Week.
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