today.nukz.net: Almanac October 2

Nathaniel "Nat" Turner (October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an American slave who led a slave rebellion in Virginia on August 21, 1831 that resulted in 60 white deaths and at least 100 black deaths, the largest number of fatalities to occur in one uprising prior to the American Civil War in the southern United States. He gathered supporters in Southampton County, Virginia. Turner was convicted, sentenced to death, and hanged. In the aftermath, the state executed 56 blacks accused of being part of Turner's slave rebellion. Two hundred blacks were also beaten and killed by white militias and mobs reacting with violence. Across Virginia and other southern states, state legislators passed new laws prohibiting education of slaves and free blacks, restricting rights of assembly and other civil rights for free blacks, and requiring white ministers to be present at black worship services.

Events

1187 – Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule.
1263 – The battle of Largs is fought between Norwegians and Scots.
1535 – Jacques Cartier discovers the area where Montreal, Quebec is located.
1552 – Conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible.
1780 – John André, British Army officer of the American Revolutionary War, is hanged as a spy by American forces.
1789 – George Washington sends the proposed Constitutional amendments (The United States Bill of Rights) to the States for ratification.
1814 – Battle of Rancagua: Spanish Royalists troops under Mariano Osorio defeated rebel Chilean forces of Bernardo O'Higgins and Jose Miguel Carrera.
1835 – The Texas Revolution begins with the Battle of Gonzales: Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.
1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Saltville – Union forces attack Saltville, Virginia, but are defeated by Confederate troops.
1889 – In Colorado, Nicholas Creede strikes it rich in silver during the last great silver boom of the American Old West.
1919 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson suffers a massive stroke, leaving him partially paralyzed.
1924 – The Geneva Protocol is adopted as a means to strengthen the League of Nations.
1925 – John Logie Baird performs the first test of a working television system.
1928 – The "Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God", commonly known as Opus Dei, is founded by Saint Josemaría Escrivá.
1937 – Dominican Republic strongman Rafael Trujillo orders the execution of the Haitian population living within the borderlands; approximately 20,000 are killed over the next five days.
1941 – World War II: In Operation Typhoon, Germany begins an all-out offensive against Moscow.
1944 – World War II: German troops end the Warsaw Uprising.
1950 – Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz is first published
1958 – Guinea declares its independence from France.
1959 – The anthology series The Twilight Zone premieres on CBS television.
1967 – Thurgood Marshall is sworn in as the first African-American justice of United States Supreme Court.
1968 – A peaceful student demonstration in Mexico City culminates in the Tlatelolco massacre.
1970 – A plane carrying the Wichita State University football team, administrators, and supporters crashes in Colorado killing 31 people.
1990 – Xiamen Airlines Flight 8301 is hijacked; after landing at Guangzhou, it crashes into two airliners on the ground, killing 132 people.
1992 – The Carandiru Massacre takes place after a riot in the Carandiru Penitentiary in São Paulo, Brazil.
1996 – The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments are signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.
1996 – Aeroperú Flight 603, a Boeing 757, crashes into the Pacific Ocean shortly after takeoff from Lima, Peru, killing 70.
2001 – NATO backs U.S. military strikes following 9/11.
2002 – The Beltway sniper attacks begin, extending over three weeks.
2005 – Ethan Allen Boating Accident: The Ethan Allen tour boat capsizes on Lake George in Upstate New York, killing twenty people.
2006 – Five school girls are murdered by Charles Carl Roberts in a shooting at an Amish school in Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania before Roberts commits suicide.
2007 – President Roh Moo-hyun of South Korea walks across the Military Demarcation Line into North Korea on his way to the second Inter-Korean Summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong Il.

Births

1452 – Richard III of England (d. 1485)
1470 – Isabella of Naples (d. 1524)
1538 – Charles Borromeo, Italian archbishop and saint (d. 1584)
1644 – François-Timoléon de Choisy, French author (d. 1724)
1704 – František Tuma, Czech composer (d. 1774)
1722 – Leopold Widhalm, Austrian luthier (d. 1776)
1737 – Francis Hopkinson, American author and politician, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1791)
1768 – William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, English general and politician (d. 1854)
1798 – Charles Albert of Sardinia (d. 1849)
1800 – Nat Turner, American slave who led a slave rebellion (d. 1831)
1828 – Charles Floquet, French politician, 55th Prime Minister of France (d. 1896)
1832 – Edward Burnett Tylor, English anthropologist (d. 1917)
1833 – William Corby, American priest (d. 1897)
1847 – Paul von Hindenburg, Prussian-German field marshal and politician, 2nd President of Germany (d. 1934)
1851 – Ferdinand Foch, French soldier (d. 1929)
1852 – William Ramsay, Scottish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)
1869 – Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Indian activist and philosopher (d. 1948)
1871 – Cordell Hull, American politician, 47th United States Secretary of State, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955)
1871 – Martha Brookes Hutcheson, American landscaper and author (d. 1959)
1873 – Stephen Warfield Gambrill, American politician (d. 1924)
1873 – Plum Warner, English cricketer (d. 1963)
1879 – Wallace Stevens, American poet (d. 1955)
1882 – Boris Shaposhnikov, Russian military commander (d. 1945)
1883 – Lesley Ashburner, American hurdler (d. 1950)
1883 – Karl von Terzaghi, Austrian-American engineer and geologist (d. 1963)
1890 – Groucho Marx, American comedian and actor (d. 1977)
1893 – Leroy Shield, American composer (d. 1962)
1895 – Bud Abbott, American comedian and actor (d. 1974)
1895 – Ruth Cheney Streeter, American military officer (d. 1990)
1901 – Alice Prin, French singer, actress, and painter (d. 1953)
1902 – John G. Crommelin, American navy officer and white supremacist (d. 1996)
1902 – Leopold Figl, Austrian politician, 18th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1965)
1904 – Graham Greene, English author, playwright, and critic (d. 1991)
1904 – Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indian politician, 2nd Prime Minister of India (d. 1966)
1907 – Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Bolivian politician, President of Bolivia (d. 2001)
1907 – Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd, Scottish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1997)
1911 – Jack Finney, American author (d. 1995)
1913 – Karl Miller, German footballer (d. 1967)
1914 – John Whiteside Parsons, American scientist, author, and occultist (d. 1952)
1914 – Bernarr Rainbow, English historian and conductor (d. 1998)
1915 – Chubby Wise, American fiddler (d. 1996)
1917 – Christian de Duve, English biologist, Nobel Prize laureate
1917 – Charles Drake, American actor (d. 1994)
1919 – John W. Duarte, English composer and guitarist (d. 2004)
1919 – Jan Flinterman, Dutch race car driver (d. 1992)
1921 – Albert Scott Crossfield, American pilot (d. 2006)
1921 – Robert Runcie, English archbishop (d. 2000)
1926 – Jan Morris, Welsh historian and author
1928 – George McFarland, American actor (d. 1993)
1928 – Wolfhart Pannenberg, German theologian
1929 – Peter Bronfman, Canadian businessman (d. 1996)
1929 – Moses Gunn, American actor (d. 1993)
1929 – Cesare Maestri, Italian mountaineer
1929 – Howard Roberts, American guitarist (d. 1992)
1930 – Dave Barrett, Canadian politician, 26th Premier of British Columbia
1932 – Maury Wills, American baseball player
1933 – Phill Niblock, American composer and director
1933 – Michel Plasson, French conductor
1933 – Dave Somerville, Canadian singer and actor (The Diamonds)
1934 – Earl Wilson, American baseball player (d. 2005)
1935 – Omar Sívori, Argentine footballer and manager (d. 2005)
1935 – Peter Frankl, Hungarian-English pianist
1936 – Dick Barnett, American basketball player
1936 – Feliciano Belmonte, Jr., Filipino politician
1937 – Johnnie Cochran, American lawyer (d. 2005)
1938 – Waheed Murad, Pakistani actor and director (d. 1983)
1938 – Rex Reed, American actor and critic
1940 – Gheorghe Gruia, Romanian handball player
1940 – Pantelis Voulgaris, Greek director and screenwriter
1941 – Zareh Baronian, Armenian theologian
1942 – Steve Sabol, American director and producer, co-founded NFL Films (d. 2012)
1943 – Franklin Rosemont, American poet, painter, and historian (d. 2009)
1945 – Don McLean, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1946 – Sonthi Boonyaratglin, Thai military officer and politician
1946 – Marie-Georges Pascal, French actress (d. 1985)
1946 – Eric Peterson, Canadian actor
1946 – Jo-El Sonnier, American singer-songwriter and accordionist
1948 – Trevor Brooking, English footballer
1948 – Avery Brooks, American actor
1948 – Donna Karan, American fashion designer, founded DKNY
1948 – Chris LeDoux, American singer-songwriter and rodeo performer (d. 2005)
1948 – Siim Kallas, Estonian politician, 13th Prime Minister of Estonia
1949 – Richard Hell, American singer-songwriter and bass player (Television, Neon Boys, The Heartbreakers, and Dim Stars)
1949 – Annie Leibovitz, American photographer
1950 – Persis Khambatta, Indian actress (d. 1998)
1950 – Ian McNeice, English actor
1950 – Mike Rutherford, English singer-songwriter and bass player (Genesis and Mike + The Mechanics)
1951 – Sting, English singer-songwriter, bass player, and actor (The Police)
1951 – Romina Power, American-Italian singer and actress
1952 – Robin Riker, American actress
1952 – Jan Švejnar, Czech-American economist and politician
1952 – Wahed Wafa, Afghan-American singer
1953 – Vanessa Bell Armstrong, American singer
1954 – Lorraine Bracco, American actress
1955 – Philip Oakey, English singer-songwriter and producer (The Human League)
1956 – Charlie Adler, American voice actor
1956 – Freddie Jackson, American singer
1957 – Wade Dooley, English rugby player
1957 – Dave Faulkner, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist (The Victims, The Manikins, and Hoodoo Gurus)
1957 – Kate St John, English singer-songwriter and producer (The Dream Academy)
1958 – Wayne Toups, Cajun singer-songwriter and accordionist
1960 – Glenn Anderson, Canadian ice hockey player
1960 – Django Bates, English composer and musician
1960 – Al Connelly, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist (Glass Tiger)
1960 – Johan Lammerts, Dutch cyclist
1960 – Robbie Nevil, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1960 – Lothar Schlapp, German footballer
1960 – Dereck Whittenburg, American basketball player and coach
1962 – Sigtryggur Baldursson, Icelandic singer and drummer (The Sugarcubes, Þeyr, KUKL, Reptile Palace Orchestra)
1962 – Jeff Bennett, American voice actor and singer
1962 – El Dandy, Mexican wrestler
1962 – James Hunter, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1962 – Aziz M. Osman, Malaysian actor and director
1962 – Mark Rypien, American football player
1964 – Sam Bockarie, Sierra Leonean Civil War leader (d. 2003)
1964 – Dirk Brinkmann, German field hockey player
1966 – Yokozuna, American wrestler (d. 2000)
1967 – Frankie Fredericks, Namibian runner
1967 – Bud Gaugh, American drummer (Sublime, Long Beach Dub Allstars, Eyes Adrift, Volcano, and Sublime with Rome)
1967 – Thomas Muster, Austrian tennis player
1967 – Lew Temple, American actor
1967 – Gillian Welch, American singer-songwriter
1968 – Victoria Derbyshire, English journalist and radio host
1968 – Jeff Martin, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (The Tea Party and Jeff Martin 777)
1968 – Jana Novotná, Czech tennis player
1968 – Glen Wesley, Canadian ice hockey player
1968 – Kelly Willis, American singer-songwriter
1969 – Jun Akiyama, Japanese wrestler
1969 – Badly Drawn Boy, English singer-songwriter
1969 – Mitch English, American actor
1970 – Eddie Guardado, American baseball player
1970 – Patricia O'Callaghan, Canadian soprano
1970 – Kelly Ripa, American actress, talk show host, and producer
1970 – Maribel Verdú, Spanish actress
1971 – Tiffany, American singer-songwriter and actress
1971 – Jim Root, American guitarist and songwriter (Slipknot and Stone Sour)
1972 – Tara Dawn Holland, American model Miss America 1997
1972 – Aaron McKie, American basketball player
1973 – Melissa Harris-Perry, American author and television host
1973 – Proof, American rapper and actor (D12) (d. 2006)
1973 – Lene Nystrøm, Norwegian singer-songwriter and actress (Aqua)
1973 – Efren Ramirez, American actor
1973 – Scott Schoeneweis, American baseball player
1973 – Verka Serduchka, Ukrainian entertainer
1973 – Maria Wetterstrand, Swedish politician
1974 – Adel Ferdosipour, Iranian journalist and sportscaster
1974 – Simon Gregson, English actor
1974 – Brian Knight, American baseball umpire
1974 – Michelle Krusiec, American actress
1974 – Mark Porter, New Zealand race car driver (d. 2006)
1974 – Sam Roberts, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist
1974 – Paul Teutul, Jr., American motorcycle designer, co-founded Orange County Choppers
1974 – Kevin Van De Wege, American firefighter and politician
1975 – Hrysopiyi Devetzi, Greek triple jumper
1975 – Argyro Strataki, Greek heptathlete
1976 – Mandisa, American singer
1976 – Anita Kulcsár, Hungarian handball player (d. 2005)
1976 – John Thornton, American football player
1978 – Ayumi Hamasaki, Japanese singer-songwriter and actress
1979 – Primož Brezec, Slovenian basketball player
1979 – Arta Dobroshi, Albanian actress
1979 – Francisco Fonseca, Mexican footballer
1979 – Maja Ivarsson, Swedish singer-songwriter (The Sounds)
1980 – Shane Andrus, American football player
1981 – Santi Kolk, Dutch footballer
1981 – Luke Wilkshire, Australian footballer
1982 – Tyson Chandler, American basketball player
1982 – Amber Lee Ettinger, American actress and singer
1982 – George Pettit, Canadian singer-songwriter and bass player (Alexisonfire and Black Lungs)
1984 – Marion Bartoli, French tennis player
1985 – Buster Davis, American football player
1985 – Brandon Jackson, American football player
1986 – Camilla Belle, American actress
1987 – Bojana Bobusic, Australian tennis player
1987 – Joe Ingles, Australian basketball player
1987 – Phil Kessel, American ice hockey player
1987 – Joel Reinders, American football player
1987 – Mustapha Zehri, Al-amine Owner
1990 – Samantha Barks, Irish-English singer and actress
1990 – Dean Bouzanis, Australian footballer
1991 – Ethan Warren, Australian diver
1993 – Aaro Vainio, Finnish race car driver

Deaths

534 – Athalaric, Italian king (b. 516)
939 – Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine (b. 890)
1559 – Jacquet of Mantua, French composer (b. 1483)
1626 – Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 1st Count of Gondomar, Spanish diplomat (b. 1567)
1629 – Pierre de Bérulle, French cardinal (b. 1575)
1629 – Antonio Cifra, Italian composer (b. 1584)
1708 – Anne Jules de Noailles, French general (b. 1650)
1709 – Ivan Mazepa, Ukrainian military officer (b. 1639)
1724 – François-Timoléon de Choisy, French author (b. 1644)
1746 – Josiah Burchett, English admiral (b. 1666)
1764 – William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1720)
1775 – Chiyo-ni, Japanese poet (b. 1703)
1780 – John André, English army officer (b. 1750)
1782 – Charles Lee, English-American general (b. 1732)
1786 – Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, English admiral (b. 1725)
1803 – Samuel Adams, American politician, 4th Governor of Massachusetts (b. 1722)
1804 – Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, French engineer (b. 1725)
1817 – Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov, Russian admiral (b. 1744)
1850 – Sarah Biffen, English painter (b. 1784)
1853 – François Jean Dominique Arago, French mathematician (b. 1786)
1920 – Max Bruch, German composer and conductor (b. 1838)
1927 – Svante Arrhenius, Swedish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)
1938 – Alexandru Averescu, Romanian soldier and politician (b. 1859)
1947 – Peter D. Ouspensky, Russian mathematician and philosopher (b. 1878)
1955 – William Orthwein, American swimmer and water polo player (b. 1881)
1962 – Boris Y. Bukreev, Russian mathematician (b. 1859)
1968 – Marcel Duchamp, French painter and sculpture (b. 1887)
1971 – Bola de Nieve, Cuban singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1911)
1973 – Paul Hartman, American actor (b. 1904)
1973 – Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner (b. 1897)
1974 – Vasily Shukshin, Russian actor, screenwriter, and director (b. 1929)
1975 – K. Kamaraj, Indian politician (b. 1903)
1981 – Harry Golden, American journalist (b. 1902)
1981 – Hazel Scott, Trinidadian singer and actress (b. 1920)
1985 – Rock Hudson, American actor (b. 1925)
1987 – Madeleine Carroll, English actress (b. 1906)
1987 – Peter Medawar, Brazilian-English biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
1988 – Alec Issigonis, Greek-English car designer, developer of the Mini (b. 1906)
1991 – Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople (b. 1914)
1994 – Harriet Hilliard Nelson, American actress (b. 1909)
1996 – Robert Bourassa, Canadian politician, 22nd Premier of Quebec (b. 1933)
1996 – Andrey Lukanov, Bulgarian politician (b. 1938)
1998 – Gene Autry, American singer and actor (b. 1907)
1998 – Olivier Gendebien, Belgian race car driver (b. 1924)
1999 – Heinz G. Konsalik, German novelist (b. 1921)
2001 – Franz Biebl, German composer (b. 1906)
2002 – Heinz von Foerster, Austrian-American physicist and philosopher (b. 1911)
2003 – John Thomas Dunlop, American administrator and scholar (b. 1914)
2005 – Bert Eriksson, Belgian activist (b. 1931)
2005 – Nipsey Russell, American comedian and actor (b. 1918)
2005 – August Wilson, American playwright (b. 1945)
2006 – Helen Chenoweth-Hage, American politician (b. 1938)
2006 – Tamara Dobson, American actress (b. 1947)
2006 – Paul Halmos, Hungarian-American mathematician (b. 1916)
2006 – Charles Carl Roberts, American murderer (b. 1973)
2007 – Tex Coulter, American football player (b. 1924)
2007 – Christopher Derrick, English author (b. 1921)
2007 – Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (b. 1913)
2007 – Dan Keating, Irish politician (b. 1902)
2007 – Tawn Mastrey, American radio host and producer (b. 1954)
2008 – Rob Guest, English-Australian actor and singer (b. 1950)
2008 – Choi Jin-sil, South Korean actress (b. 1968)
2010 – Kwa Geok Choo, Singaporean wife of Lee Kuan Yew (b. 1920)
2012 – Nguyen Chi Thien, Vietnamese poet (b. 1939)
2012 – Mohammed Mushaima, Bahraini activist (b. 1988)
2012 – Charles Roach, Trinidadian-Canadian lawyer (b. 1933)
2012 – J. Philippe Rushton, Canadian academic and theorist (b. 1943)
2012 – Big Jim Sullivan, English guitarist (James Last Orchestra) (b. 1941)