today.nukz.net: Almanac November 19

Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (née Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician who served as the third Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms (1966–77) and a fourth term (1980–84). Gandhi was the second female head of government in the world after Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka, and she remains as the world's second longest serving female Prime Minister as of 2012. She was the first woman to become prime minister in India. Gandhi was the only child of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of independent India. She adhered to the quasi-socialist policies of industrial development that had been begun by her father. Gandhi established closer relations with the Soviet Union, depending on that nation for support in India’s long-standing conflict with Pakistan. She was also the only Indian Prime Minister to have declared state of emergency in order to 'rule by decree' and the only Indian Prime Minister to have been imprisoned after holding that office. She was assassinated by her bodyguards in retaliation for ordering Operation Blue Star.

Events

461 – Libius Severus is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire. The real power is in the hands of the magister militum Ricimer.
1095 – The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land, begins.
1493 – Christopher Columbus goes ashore on an island he first saw the day before. He names it San Juan Bautista (later renamed Puerto Rico).
1794 – The United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain sign Jay's Treaty, which attempts to resolve some of the lingering problems left over from the American Revolutionary War.
1816 – Warsaw University is established.
1847 – The second Canadian railway line, the Montreal and Lachine Railway, is opened.
1863 – American Civil War: U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the military cemetery ceremony at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
1881 – A meteorite lands near the village of Grossliebenthal, southwest of Odessa, Ukraine.
1885 – Serbo-Bulgarian War: Bulgarian victory in the Battle of Slivnitsa solidifies the unification between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia.
1911 – The Doom Bar in Cornwall claimed two ships, Island Maid and Angele, the latter killing the entire crew except the captain.
1912 – First Balkan War: The Serbian Army captures Bitola, ending the five-century-long Ottoman rule of Macedonia.
1916 – Samuel Goldwyn and Edgar Selwyn establish Goldwyn Pictures.
1941 – World War II: Battle between HMAS Sydney and HSK Kormoran. The two ships sink each other off the coast of Western Australia, with the loss of 645 Australians and about 77 German seamen.
1942 – World War II: Battle of Stalingrad – Soviet Union forces under General Georgy Zhukov launch the Operation Uranus counterattacks at Stalingrad, turning the tide of the battle in the USSR's favor.
1942 – Mutesa II is crowned the 35th and last Kabaka (king) of Buganda.
1943 – Holocaust: Nazis liquidate Janowska concentration camp in Lemberg (Lviv), western Ukraine, murdering at least 6,000 Jews after a failed uprising and mass escape attempt.
1944 – World War II: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces the 6th War Loan Drive, aimed at selling US$14 billion in war bonds to help pay for the war effort.
1944 – World War II: Thirty members of the Luxembourgish resistance defend the town of Vianden against a larger Waffen-SS attack in the Battle of Vianden.
1946 – Afghanistan, Iceland and Sweden join the United Nations.
1950 – US General Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes Supreme Commander of NATO-Europe
1952 – Greek Field Marshal Alexander Papagos becomes the 152nd Prime Minister of Greece.
1954 – Télé Monte Carlo, Europe's oldest private television channel, is launched by Prince Rainier III.
1955 – National Review publishes its first issue.
1959 – The Ford Motor Company announces the discontinuation of the unpopular Edsel.
1967 – The establishment of TVB, the first wireless commercial television station in Hong Kong.
1969 – Apollo program: Apollo 12 astronauts Pete Conrad and Alan Bean land at Oceanus Procellarum (the "Ocean of Storms") and become the third and fourth humans to walk on the Moon.
1969 – Association football player Pelé scores his 1,000th goal.
1977 – TAP Portugal Flight 425 crashes in the Madeira Islands, killing 130.
1979 – Iran hostage crisis: Iranian leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini orders the release of 13 female and black American hostages being held at the US Embassy in Tehran.
1984 – San Juanico Disaster: A series of explosions at the PEMEX petroleum storage facility at San Juan Ixhuatepec in Mexico City starts a major fire and kills about 500 people.
1985 – Cold War: In Geneva, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet for the first time.
1985 – Pennzoil wins a US$10.53 billion judgment against Texaco, in the largest civil verdict in the history of the United States, stemming from Texaco executing a contract to buy Getty Oil after Pennzoil had entered into an unsigned, yet still binding, buyout contract with Getty.
1985 – Police in Baling, Malaysia, lay siege to houses occupied by an Islamic sect of about 400 people led by Ibrahim Mahmud.
1988 – Serbian communist representative and future Serbian and Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic publicly declares that Serbia is under attack from Albanian separatists in Kosovo as well as internal treachery within Yugoslavia and a foreign conspiracy to destroy Serbia and Yugoslavia.
1990 – Pop group Milli Vanilli are stripped of their Grammy Award because the duo did not sing at all on the Girl You Know It's True album. Session musicians had provided all the vocals.
1994 – In the United Kingdom, the first National Lottery draw is held. A £1 ticket gave a one-in-14-million chance of correctly guessing the winning six out of 49 numbers.
1996 – Lt. Gen. Maurice Baril of Canada arrives in Africa to lead a multi-national policing force in Zaire.
1998 – Lewinsky scandal: The United States House of Representatives Judiciary Committee begins impeachment hearings against U.S. President Bill Clinton.
1998 – Vincent van Gogh's Portrait of the Artist Without Beard sells at auction for US$71.5 million.
1999 – Shenzhou 1: The People's Republic of China launches its first Shenzhou spacecraft.
2002 – The Greek oil tanker Prestige splits in half and sinks off the coast of Galicia, releasing over 20 million US gallons (76,000 m³) of oil in the largest environmental disaster in Spanish and Portuguese history.
2010 – The first of four explosions takes place at the Pike River Mine in New Zealand; 29 people are killed in the nation's worst mining disaster since 1914.

Births

1464 – Emperor Go-Kashiwabara of Japan (d. 1526)
1563 – Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, English statesman (d. 1626)
1597 – Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Electress of Bavaria (d. 1660)
1600 – Charles I of England (d. 1649)
1600 – Leo Aitzema, Dutch historian and statesman (d. 1669)
1617 – Eustache Le Sueur, French painter (d. 1655)
1700 – Jean-Antoine Nollet, French abbot and physicist (d. 1770)
1711 – Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian writer and polymath (d. 1765)
1722 – Leopold Auenbrugger, Austrian physician (d. 1809)
1722 – Benjamin Chew, Chief Justice of colonial Pennsylvania (d. 1810)
1752 – George Rogers Clark, American military leader (d. 1818)
1770 – Bertel Thorvaldsen, Danish sculptor (d. 1844)
1802 – Solomon Foot, American politician (d. 1866)
1805 – Ferdinand de Lesseps, French diplomat and Suez Canal engineer (d. 1894)
1808 – Janez Bleiweis, Slovenian politician (d. 1881)
1812 – Karl Schwarz, German theologian (d. 1885)
1828 – Rani Lakshmibai, Indian Queen (d. 1858)
1831 – James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States (d. 1881)
1833 – Wilhelm Dilthey, German philosopher (d. 1911)
1834 – Georg Hermann Quincke, German physicist (d. 1924)
1843 – Richard Avenarius, German philosopher (d. 1896)
1859 – Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Russian composer (d. 1935)
1862 – Billy Sunday, American evangelist (d. 1935)
1875 – Mikhail I. Kalinin, President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (d. 1946)
1876 – Tatyana Alexeyevna Afanasyeva, Russian/Dutch mathematician (d. 1964)
1876 – James Steen, American water polo player (d. 1949)
1877 – Giuseppe Volpi, Italian businessman and politician (d. 1947)
1883 – Ned Sparks, Canadian actor (d. 1957)
1887 – James B. Sumner, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate (d. 1955)
1888 – José Raúl Capablanca, Cuban chess player (d. 1942)
1889 – Clifton Webb, American actor (d. 1966)
1892 – Huw Thomas Edwards, Welsh trade unionist and politician (d. 1970)
1893 – René Voisin, French classical trumpet player (d. 1952)
1894 – Américo Tomás, Portuguese admiral and politician, 14th President of Portugal (d. 1987)
1895 – Louise Dahl-Wolfe, American photographer (d. 1989)
1895 – Evert van Linge, Dutch footballer and architect (d. 1964)
1896 – Georgy Zhukov, Russian general (d. 1974)
1897 – Quentin Roosevelt, son of United States President Theodore Roosevelt (d. 1918)
1898 – Arthur R. von Hippel, German-born physicist (d. 2003)
1898 – Klement Jug, Slovenian philosopher and mountaineer (d. 1924)
1899 – Allen Tate, American poet and critic (d. 1979)
1899 – Grand Ayatollah Abul-Qassim Khoei, influential Shia Islamic scholar (d. 1992)
1900 – Mikhail Lavrentyev, Russian scientist (d. 1980)
1900 – Anna Seghers, German writer (d. 1983)
1900 – Bunny Ahearne, Irish ice hockey promoter (d. 1985)
1904 – Nathan Freudenthal Leopold, Jr., American murderer (d. 1971)
1905 – Tommy Dorsey, American bandleader (d. 1956)
1906 – Franz Schädle, commander of Adolf Hitler's personal bodyguard (d. 1945)
1907 – Jack Schaefer, American author (d. 1991)
1909 – Peter Drucker, American management theorist (d. 2005)
1910 – Adrian Conan Doyle, son of Arthur Conan Doyle (d. 1970)
1912 – George Emil Palade, Romanian cell biologist, Nobel laureate (d. 2008)
1915 – Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr., American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
1917 – Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (d. 1984)
1919 – Alan Young, British-born American actor (Mister Ed)
1919 – Gillo Pontecorvo, Italian film director (d. 2006)
1920 – Gene Tierney, American actress (d. 1991)
1921 – Roy Campanella, American baseball player (d. 1993)
1921 – Peter Ruckman, American Baptist minister
1922 – Yuri Knorozov, Russian epigrapher (d. 1999)
1922 – Rajko Mitic, Serbian footballer and coach (d. 2008)
1922 – Salil Chowdhury, Indian music composer, poet, writer, dramatist and filmmaker (d. 1995)
1924 – William Russell, British actor
1924 – Knut Steen, Norwegian sculptor (d. 2011)
1925 – Zygmunt Bauman, Polish sociologist
1926 – Jeane Kirkpatrick, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (d. 2006)
1926 – Pino Rauti, Italian politician (d. 2012)
1929 – Slavko Avsenik, Slovenian musician
1929 – Norman Cantor, Canadian medieval scholar (d. 2004)
1930 – Kurt Nielsen, Danish tennis player (d. 2011)
1933 – Larry King, American TV personality
1933 – Jerry Sheindlin, American jurist; husband of Judith Sheindlin
1934 – Valentin Kozmich Ivanov, Soviet-Russian footballer (d. 2011)
1935 – Rashad Khalifa, Egyptian imam (d. 1990)
1935 – Jack Welch, American businessman
1936 – Dick Cavett, American talk show host
1936 – Yuan T. Lee, Taiwanese-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
1938 – Ted Turner, American businessman
1939 – Emil Constantinescu, 3rd President of Romania
1939 – Tom Harkin, American politician
1939 – Richard Zare, American chemist
1941 – Dan Haggerty, American actor
1941 – Tommy Thompson, 42nd U.S. Governor of Wisconsin and 19th Secretary of Health and Human Services
1942 – Calvin Klein, American clothing designer
1942 – Sharon Olds, American poet
1943 – Aurelio Monteagudo, Cuban-born Major League Baseball player (d. 1990)
1943 – Fred Lipsius, American musician (Blood, Sweat & Tears)
1944 – Agnes Baltsa, Greek mezzo-soprano
1944 – Dennis Hull, Canadian ice hockey player
1945 – Hans Monderman, Dutch road traffic engineer and innovator (d. 2008)
1945 – Bobby Tolan, American baseball player
1947 – Bob Boone, American baseball player and manager
1947 – Anfinn Kallsberg, Faroese politician, 10th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands
1947 – Lamar S. Smith, American politician
1949 – Nigel Bennett, English actor
1949 – Ahmad Rashad, American football player and sportscaster
1949 – Amand Theis, German footballer
1950 – Peter Biyiasas, Greek-Canadian-American chess grandmaster
1951 – Zeenat Aman, Indian actress
1951 – Charles Falconer, Baron Falconer of Thoroton, British politician and former Lord Chancellor and Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England and Great Britain
1952 – Stephen Soldz, American psychoanalyst and anti-war activist
1953 – Robert Beltran, American actor
1953 – Tom Villard, American actor (d. 1994)
1954 – Rejean Lemelin, Canadian ice hockey player
1954 – Kathleen Quinlan, American actress
1955 – Sam Hamm, American screenwriter
1956 – Ann Curry, American journalist and television anchor
1956 – Glynnis O'Connor, American actress
1956 – Eileen Collins, American astronaut
1957 – Ofra Haza, Israeli singer (d. 2000)
1957 – Tom Virtue, American actor
1958 – Michael Wilbon, sports analyst
1958 – Terrence "T.C." Carson, American actor
1959 – Allison Janney, American actress
1960 – Elizabeth Hulette, American professional wrestling manager (d. 2003)
1960 – Matt Sorum, American musician (The Cult, Guns 'N Roses, Velvet Revolver)
1961 – Jim L. Mora, American football coach
1961 – Meg Ryan, American actress
1962 – Jodie Foster, American actress
1962 – George Leventhal, American politician
1962 – Dodie Boy Peñalosa, Philippine boxer
1962 – Sean Parnell, 12th Governor of Alaska
1963 – Terry Farrell, American actress
1963 – Jon Potter, British field hockey player
1963 – Zsuzsanna Jánosi, Hungarian fencer
1965 – Laurent Blanc, French footballer
1965 – Douglas Henshall, Scottish actor
1966 – Shmuley Boteach, American rabbi
1966 – Gail Devers, American athlete
1966 – Rocco DiSpirito, American chef
1966 – Kakhaber Kacharava, Georgian footballer
1966 – Jason Scott Lee, American actor
1969 – Erika Alexander, American actress
1969 – Philippe Adams, Belgian racing driver
1969 – Richard Virenque, French cyclist
1971 – Alice Peacock, American folk singer
1971 – Jeremy McGrath, American motorcycle racer
1971 – Justin Chancellor, Bassist for the band Tool
1972 – Sandrine Holt, Canadian actress
1973 – Ryukishi07, Japanese mystery writer
1973 – Savion Glover, American dancer and choreographer
1973 – Billy Currington, American singer and songwriter
1973 – Django Haskins, American singer, guitarist, and songwriter
1974 – Arun Vijay, Indian film actor
1975 – Toby Bailey, American basketball player
1975 – Sushmita Sen, Indian beauty queen and actress
1976 – Jun Shibata, Japanese singer and songwriter
1976 – Petr Sýkora, Czech ice hockey player
1976 – Benny Vansteelant, Belgian duathlete (d. 2007)
1976 – Stylianos Venetidis, Greek football player
1976 – Jack Dorsey, American founder of Twitter
1976 – Robin Dunne, Canadian actor
1977 – Kerri Strug, American gymnast
1978 – Vera Pospíšilová-Cechlová, Czech athlete
1978 – Matt Dusk, Canadian jazz musician / vocalist
1979 – Ryan Howard, American baseball player
1979 – Larry Johnson, American football player
1979 – Leam Richardson, English football player
1979 – John-Ford Griffin, American baseball player
1979 – Keith Buckley, American singer (Every Time I Die)
1980 – Courtney Anderson, American football player
1980 – Otis Grigsby, American football player
1980 – Vladimir Radmanovic, Serbian basketball player
1980 – Adele Silva, English actress
1981 – Marcus Banks, American basketball player
1981 – DJ Tukutz, South Korean DJ, producer, songwriter (Epik High)
1983 – Chandra Crawford, Canadian cross-country skier
1983 – Daria Werbowy, Ukrainian-Canadian model
1984 – Dawid Kucharski, Polish football player
1985 – Chris Eagles, English footballer
1985 – Alex Mack, American football player
1986 – Veronica Scott, American fashion designer
1986 – Milan Smiljanic, Serbian footballer
1986 – Jeannie Ortega, American actress, dancer, and songwriter.
1986 – Jessicah Schipper, Australian swimmer
1988 – Patrick Kane, American ice-hockey player
1989 – Tyga, American rapper
1989 – John McCarthy, Australian footballer (d. 2012)
1989 – Roman Sergeevich Trofimov, Russian ski jumper
1990 – Benedikt Schmid, German footballer
1993 – Kerim Frei, Austrian footballer
1993 – Suso, Spanish footballer
1997 – McCaughey septuplets, world's first surviving set of septuplets

Deaths

498 – Pope Anastasius II
1478 – Emperor Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia (b. 1448)
1492 – Jami, Persian poet (b. 1414)
1557 – Bona Sforza, Queen of Sigismund I of Poland (b. 1494)
1577 – Matsunaga Hisahide, Japanese warlord (b. 1510)
1581 – Ivan Ivanovich, son of Ivan IV of Russia (b. 1554)
1630 – Johann Schein, German composer (b. 1586)
1649 – Caspar Schoppe, German scholar (b. 1576)
1665 – Nicolas Poussin, French painter (b. 1594)
1672 – John Wilkins, English Bishop of Chester (b. 1614)
1682 – Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Royalist commander in the English Civil War (b. 1619)
1692 – Thomas Shadwell, English poet and playwright
1703 – The Man in the Iron Mask, French prisoner (Eustache Dauger)
1723 – Antoine Nompar de Caumont, French courtier and soldier (b. 1632)
1772 – William Nelson, American colonial governor of Virginia (b. 1711)
1773 – James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster, Irish politician (b. 1722)
1785 – Bernard de Bury, French composer (b. 1720)
1798 – Wolfe Tone, Irish republican (b. 1763)
1804 – Pietro Guglielmi, Italian composer (b. 1728)
1810 – Jean-Georges Noverre, French dancer and ballet master (b. 1725)
1822 – Johann Georg Tralles, German mathematician and physicist (b. 1763)
1823 – Alvin Smith, Brother of Joseph Smith, Jr. (b. 1798)
1828 – Franz Schubert, Austrian composer (b. 1797)
1850 – Richard Mentor Johnson, American politician (b. 1780)
1868 – Ivane Andronikashvili, Georgian general (b. 1798)
1883 – William Siemens, German engineer (b. 1823)
1887 – Emma Lazarus, American poet (b. 1849)
1897 – William Seymour Tyler, American educator and historian (b. 1810).
1915 – Joe Hill, American labor activist (b. 1879)
1918 – Joseph F. Smith, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1838)
1924 – Thomas Ince, American film director (b. 1882)
1931 – Xu Zhimo, Chinese poet (b. 1897)
1938 – Lev Shestov, Russian philosopher (b. 1866)
1942 – Bruno Schulz, Polish writer and painter (b. 1892)
1943 – Miyagiyama Fukumatsu, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 29th Yokozuna (b. 1895)
1949 – James Ensor, Belgian painter and printmaker (b.1860)
1954 – Walter Bartley Wilson, English artist (b. 1870)
1959 – Joseph Charbonneau, archbishop of Montreal (b. 1892)
1960 – Phyllis Haver, American actress (b. 1899)
1962 – Grigol Robakidze, Georgian writer (b. 1882)
1963 – Henry B. Richardson, American archer (b. 1889)
1967 – Charles J. Watters, American Army chaplain, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1927)
1974 – George Brunies, American musician (b. 1902)
1975 – Roger D. Branigin, American politician (b. 1902)
1976 – Sir Basil Spence, British architect (b. 1907)
1983 – Tom Evans, English bass guitarist (Badfinger) (b. 1947)
1985 – Stepin Fetchit, American actor and dancer (b. 1907)
1988 – Christina Onassis, American-born Greek heiress and socialite (b. 1950)
1989 – Grant Adcox, American race car driver (b. 1950)
1990 – Sun Li-jen, Chinese general (b. 1900)
1992 – Bobby Russell, American songwriter (b. 1941)
1992 – Diane Varsi, American actress (b. 1938)
1998 – Ted Fujita, Japanese-born American meteorologist (b. 1920)
1998 – Alan J. Pakula, American film director (b. 1928)
2001 – Marcelle Ferron, Quebec painter and stained glass artist (b. 1924)
2003 – Ian Geoghegan, Australian racing driver (b. 1940)
2004 – George Canseco, Filipino composer (b. 1934)
2004 – Piet Esser, Dutch sculptor (b. 1914)
2004 – Helmut Griem, German actor (b. 1932)
2004 – Terry Melcher, American record producer; son of Doris Day (b. 1942)
2004 – John Robert Vane, British pharmacologist, Nobel laureate (b. 1927)
2005 – Erik Balling, Danish TV and film director (b. 1924)
2007 – Mike Gregory, English rugby league footballer (b. 1964)
2007 – Dick Wilson, American actor (b. 1916)
2008 – Gregory Bryant-Bey, American convicted murderer (b. 1955)
2009 – Daul Kim, South Korean fashion model (b. 1989)
2010 – Pat Burns, Canadian ice hockey coach (b. 1952)