today.nukz.net: Almanac December 25

Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian, who has been considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived. His monograph Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, laid the foundations for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motion of objects on Earth and that of celestial bodies is governed by the same set of natural laws: by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation he removed the last doubts about heliocentrism and advanced the scientific revolution. The Principia is generally considered to be one of the most important scientific books ever written, both due to the specific physical laws the work successfully described, and for its style, which assisted in setting standards for scientific publication down to the present time.

Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours that form the visible spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of differential and integral calculus. He generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed Newton's method for approximating the roots of a function, and contributed to the study of power series.

Events

333 – Emperor Constantine the Great elevates his youngest son Constans to the rank of Caesar.
350 – Vetranio meets Constantius II at Naissus (Serbia) and is forced to abdicate his title (Caesar). Constantius allows him to live as a private citizen on a state pension.
496 – Clovis I, king of the Franks, is baptized into the Catholic faith at Reims, by Saint Remigius.
800 – Coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor, in Rome.
1000 – The foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary: Hungary is established as a Christian kingdom by Stephen I of Hungary.
1066 – William the Conqueror is crowned king of England, at Westminster Abbey, London.
1100 – Baldwin of Boulogne is crowned the first King of Jerusalem in the Church of the Nativity.
1130 – Count Roger II of Sicily is crowned the first King of Sicily.
1261 – John IV Laskaris of the restored Eastern Roman Empire is deposed and blinded by orders of his co-ruler Michael VIII Palaiologos.
1553 – Battle of Tucapel: Mapuche rebels under Lautaro defeat the Spanish conquistadors and executes the governor of Chile, Pedro de Valdivia.
1643 – Christmas Island found and named by Captain William Mynors of the East India Company vessel, the Royal Mary.
1776 – George Washington and the Continental Army cross the Delaware River at night to attack Hessian forces serving Great Britain at Trenton, New Jersey, the next day.
1815 – The Handel and Haydn Society, oldest continuously performing arts organization in the United States, gives its first performance.
1826 – The Eggnog Riot at the United States Military Academy concludes after beginning the previous evening.
1837 – Battle of Lake Okeechobee.
1868 – U.S. President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War Confederate soldiers.
1926 – Emperor Taisho of Japan dies. His son, Prince Hirohito succeeds him as Emperor Showa.
1927 – The Vietnamese Nationalist Party is founded.
1932 – A magnitude 7.6 earthquake in Gansu, China kills 275 people.
1941 – Admiral Chester W. Nimitz arrives at Pearl Harbor to assume command of the U.S. Pacific Fleet
1941 – World War II: Battle of Hong Kong ends, beginning the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong.
1941 – Admiral Émile Muselier seizes the archipelago of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which become the first part of France to be liberated by the Free French Forces.
1946 – The first in Europe artificial, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction is initiated within Soviet nuclear reactor F-1.
1947 – The Constitution of the Republic of China goes into effect.
1950 – The Stone of Scone, traditional coronation stone of British monarchs, is taken from Westminster Abbey by Scottish nationalist students. It later turns up in Scotland on April 11, 1951.
1963 – Turkish Cypriot Bayrak Radio begins transmitting in Cyprus after Turkish Cypriots are forcibly excluded from Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation.
1965 – The Yemeni Nasserist Unionist People's Organisation is founded in Ta'izz
1968 – Apollo program: Apollo 8 performs the very first successful Trans-Earth injection (TEI) maneuver, sending the crew and spacecraft on a trajectory back to Earth from Lunar orbit.
1968 – 42 Dalits are burned alive in Kilavenmani village, Tamil Nadu, India, a retaliation for a campaign for higher wages by Dalit laborers.
1974 – Cyclone Tracy devastates Darwin, Northern Territory Australia.
1974 – Marshall Fields drives a vehicle through the gates of the White House, resulting in a four-hour standoff.
1977 – Prime Minister of Israel Menachem Begin meets in Egypt with President of Egypt Anwar Sadat.
1989 – Nicolae Ceau?escu, former communist President of Romania and his wife, First-Deputy Prime-Minister Elena are condemned to death and executed after a summary trial.
1991 – Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union (the union itself is dissolved the next day). Ukraine's referendum is finalized and Ukraine officially leaves the Soviet Union.
2000 – Russian President Vladimir Putin signs a bill into law that officially establishes a new National Anthem of Russia, with music adopted from the anthem of the Soviet Union that was composed by Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov.
2003 – The ill-fated Beagle 2 probe, released from the Mars Express Spacecraft on December 19, disappears shortly before its scheduled landing.
2004 – Cassini orbiter releases Huygens probe which successfully landed on Saturn's moon Titan on January 14, 2005.
2009 – Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab unsuccessfully attempts a terrorist attack against the US while on board a flight to Detroit Metro Airport Northwest Airlines Flight 253
2012 – A military plane crashes while descending toward Shymkent, Kazakhstan, killing all 27 people.

Births

1250 – John IV Laskaris, Byzantine Emperor (d. c. 1305)
1461 – Christina of Saxony, queen of Denmark and Norway (d. 1521)
1583 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer (d. 1625)
1584 – Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain and Portugal (d. 1611)
1628 – Noël Coypel, French painter (d. 1707)
1642 – Isaac Newton, English scientist and mathematician (d. 1727)
1652 – Archibald Pitcairne, Scottish physician (d. 1713)
1665 – Grizel Baillie, Scottish songwriter (d. 1746)
1667 – Melusine von der Schulenburg, Duchess of Kendal, English royal mistress (d. 1743)
1674 – Thomas Halyburton, Scottish theologian (d. 1712)
1686 – Giovanni Battista Somis, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1763)
1696 – Prince Johann Ernst of Saxe-Weimar, German composer and commissioner of music (d. 1715)
1700 – Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian general (d. 1758)
1711 – Jean-Joseph de Mondonville, French composer (d. 1772)
1716 – Johann Jakob Reiske, German scholar and physician (d. 1774)
1728 – Johann Adam Hiller, German composer, conductor and writer on music (d. 1804)
1730 – Philip Mazzei, Italian physician and friend of Thomas Jefferson (d. 1816)
1742 – Charlotte von Stein, German friend of Goethe (d. 1827)
1745 – Chevalier de Saint-George – "Black Mozart", African–French Swordsman, Soldier of Fortune, and Composer (d. 1799)
1757 – Benjamin Pierce, U.S. politician (d. 1839)
1763 – Claude Chappe, French telecommunications pioneer (d. 1805)
1771 – Dorothy Wordsworth, English diarist and sister of William Wordsworth (d. 1855)
1776 – Sydney Owenson (Lady Morgan), Irish writer (alleged date of birth) (d. 1859)
1810 – Alexandros Rizos Rangavis, Greek poet and statesman (d. 1892)
1821 – Clara Barton, founder of the American Red Cross (d. 1912)
1829 – Patrick Gilmore, Irish-American composer (d. 1892)
1856 – Hans von Bartels, German painter (d. 1913)
1856 – Pud Galvin, American professional baseball pitcher (d. 1902)
1860 – Manwel Dimech, Maltese philosopher and social reformer (d. 1921)
1861 – Madan Mohan Malaviya, Indian founder of Banaras Hindu University (d. 1946)
1864 – Thomas Cahill, American soccer coach (d. 1951)
1865 – Evangeline Booth, the 4th General of The Salvation Army (d. 1950)
1870 – Lloyd Hildebrand, French racing cyclist (d. 1924)
1870 – Helena Rubinstein, Polish-born American cosmetics industrialist (d. 1965)
1871 – Katherine McKinley, American daughter of William McKinley (d. 1875)
1873 – Otto Frederick Hunziker, Swiss-born American dairy educator (d. 1959)
1874 – Lina Cavalieri, Italian soprano (d. 1944)
1875 – Theodor Innitzer, Austrian cardinal (d. 1955)
1876 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan (d. 1948)
1876 – Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, German chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1959)
1877 – Noël Bas, French gymnast (d. 1960)
1878 – Louis Chevrolet, Swiss-born race car driver (d. 1941)
1878 – Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes, English RMS Titanic survivor (d. 1956)
1883 – Hugo Bergmann, German and Israeli Jewish philosopher (d. 1975)
1884 – Samuel Berger, American heavyweight boxer (d. 1925)
1884 – Evelyn Nesbit, American actress (d. 1967)
1886 – Kid Ory, American musician (d. 1973)
1887 – Conrad Hilton, American hotelier (d. 1979)
1889 – Lila Bell Wallace, American magazine publisher (Reader's Digest) (d. 1984)
1890 – Noel Odell, British mountaineer (d. 1987)
1890 – Robert Ripley, collector of odd facts (d. 1949)
1891 – Clarrie Grimmett, Australian cricketer (d. 1980)
1899 – Humphrey Bogart, American actor (d. 1957)
1901 – Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (d. 2004)
1902 – Barton MacLane, American actor (d. 1969)
1904 – Gerhard Herzberg, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
1906 – Lew Grade, Ukrainian-born film producer (d. 1998)
1906 – Ernst Ruska, German chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1988)
1907 – Cab Calloway, American bandleader (d. 1994)
1907 – Glenn McCarthy, American oil tycoon and businessman (d. 1988)
1907 – Mike Mazurki, Ukrainian-born actor (d. 1990)
1908 – Quentin Crisp, English author (d. 1999)
1908 – Jo-Jo Moore, baseball player (d. 2001)
1908 – Ernest L. Massad, U.S. Army general (d. 1993)
1909 – Zora Arkus-Duntov, Belgian-American automotive engineer (d. 1996)
1910 – Rose Friedman, American economist (d. 2009)
1911 – Louise Bourgeois, French American sculptor (d. 2010)
1912 – Natalino Otto, Italian singer (d. 1969)
1913 – Henri Nannen, German journalist (d. 1966)
1913 – Tony Martin, American singer and actor (d. 2012)
1914 – James Muir Cameron Fletcher, New Zealand industrialist (d. 2007)
1915 – Pete Rugolo, Italian-born composer (d. 2011)
1916 – Ahmed Ben Bella, politician, first President of Algeria (d. 2012)
1917 – Lincoln Verduga Loor, ecuadorian journalist and politician (d. 2009)
1918 – Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, Nobel laureate (d. 1981)
1919 – Naushad, Indian music director (d. 2006)
1919 – Paul David, Canadian cardiologist, founder of the Montreal Heart Institute (d. 1999)
1919 – Noele Gordon, English actress (d. 1985)
1920 – Artur Agostinho, Portuguese awarded actor, journalist, broadcaster and writer (d. 2011)
1921 – Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah, Pakistani journalist (d. 2000)
1923 – René Girard, French historian, literary critic and philosopher
1924 – Rod Serling, American television writer (d. 1975)
1924 – Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former Prime Minister of India
1925 – Carlos Castaneda, Peruvian-born author (d. 1998)
1925 – Ned Garver, American baseball player
1925 – Sam Pollock, Canadian businessman (d. 2007)
1926 – Febo Conti, Italian actor (d. 2012)
1926 – Enrique Jorrín, Cuban composer and musician (d. 1987)
1927 – Nellie Fox, American baseball player (d. 1975)
1927 – Ram Narayan, Indian sarangi player
1928 – Dick Miller, American actor
1929 – Stuart Hall, British radio and television presenter
1929 – Chris Kenner, American singer and songwriter (d. 1976)
1930 – Emmanuel Agassi, Iranian boxer and father of Andre Agassi
1930 – Salah Jahin, Egyptian poet and cartoonist (d. 1986)
1932 – Mabel King, American actress (d. 1999)
1935 – Stephen Barnett, American legal scholar who opposed the Newspaper Preservation Act of 1970 (d. 2009)
1935 – Jeanne Hopkins Lucas, American politician (d. 2007)
1935 – Al Jackson, American baseball player
1935 – Sadiq al-Mahdi, Prime Minister of Sudan
1935 – Anne Roiphe, American author and feminist
1936 – HRH Princess Alexandra of Kent
1936 – Ismail Merchant, Indian-born film producer (d. 2005)
1937 – O'Kelly Isley, Jr., American singer (The Isley Brothers) (d. 1986)
1938 – Duane Armstrong, American painter
1938 – David Borden, American composer
1938 – Noel Picard, Canadian ice hockey player
1939 – Ghulam Ahmad Bilour, Pakistani businessman
1939 – Bob James, American composer and musician
1940 – Pete Brown, English poet and lyricist
1942 – Françoise Dürr, French tennis player
1942 – Enrique Morente, Spanish flamenco singer (d. 2010)
1943 – Hanna Schygulla, German actress
1943 – Wilson Fittipaldi Júnior, Brazilian racing driver
1944 – Jairzinho, Brazilian footballer
1944 – Kenny Everett, British entertainer (d. 1995)
1944 – Henry Vestine, American musician (d. 1997)
1944 – Nigel Starmer-Smith, English Rugby Union commentator.
1945 – Noel Redding, English musician (The Jimi Hendrix Experience) (d. 2003)
1945 – Rick Berman, American television producer (Star Trek series)
1945 – Ken Stabler, Oakland Raiders quarterback
1945 – Gary Sandy, American actor
1945 – Mike Pringle, Scottish politician
1946 – Jimmy Buffett, American singer and songwriter
1946 – Larry Csonka, American football player
1946 – Gene Lamont, American baseball player and manager
1947 – Twink Caplan, American actress and comedian
1948 – Barbara Mandrell, American singer and actress
1948 – Alia al-Hussein, of Jordan (d. 1977)
1948 – Joel Santana, Brazilian soccer coach
1949 – Nawaz Sharif, Prime Minister of Pakistan
1949 – Simone Bittencourt de Oliveira, Singer and icon of the Brazilian music
1949 – Sissy Spacek, American actress
1949 – Joe Louis Walker, American musician
1950 – Peter Boardman, British mountaineer (d. 1982)
1950 – Manny Trillo, Venezuelan baseball player
1950 – Yehuda Poliker, Israeli singer-songwriter
1950 – Karl Rove, former American presidential advisor
1952 – C. C. H. Pounder, Guyana-born actress
1952 – Desireless, French singer
1954 – Annie Lennox, Scottish singer
1954 – Steve Wariner, American country music singer
1955 – Alannah Myles, Canadian singer
1957 – Chris Kamara, English footballer and commentator
1957 – Shane MacGowan, British/Irish musician
1958 – Cheryl Chase, American voice actor
1958 – Hanford Dixon, American football player
1958 – Rickey Henderson, American baseball player
1958 – Martin Wiesner, German footballer
1958 – Konstantin Kinchev, Russian singer (Alisa)
1959 – Michael P. Anderson, American astronaut (d. 2003)
1960 – Ron Bottitta, British actor
1961 – Íngrid Betancourt, Colombian senator
1962 – Dean Cameron, American actor
1962 – Darren Wharton, British keyboardist (Thin Lizzy and Dare)
1964 – Gary McAllister, Scottish footballer
1964 – Tim Royes – Music Video Director and Editor
1964 – Bob Stanley, English musician (Saint Etienne), filmmaker and journalist
1965 – David Rath, Czech politician
1966 – Toshi Arai, Japanese rally driver
1967 – Jason Thirsk, American bass player (d. 1996)
1968 – Helena Christensen, Danish model
1968 – Jim Dowd, American ice hockey player
1970 – Emmanuel Amuneke, Nigerian footballer
1970 – Nagma, Indian actress
1971 – Dido, English singer
1971 – Justin Trudeau, Canadian media personality and politician
1971 – Noel Hogan, Irish musician
1972 – Josh Freese, American drummer
1972 – Mac Powell, American musician, singer/songwriter (Third Day)
1973 – Robbie Elliott, English footballer
1973 – Chris Harris, American professional wrestler
1973 – Alexandre Trudeau, Canadian journalist
1974 – Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano, Mexican drug trafficker (d. 2012)
1975 – Marcus Trescothick, English cricketer
1975 – Hideki Okajima, Japanese baseball player
1975 – Rob Mariano, American reality show contestant
1975 – Choi Sung-Yong, South Korean footballer
1975 – Daniel Mustard, American singer-songwriter
1976 – Tuomas Holopainen, Finnish keyboardist and songwriter (Nightwish)
1976 – Armin van Buuren, Dutch DJ & Producer
1977 – Uhm Ji-won, South Korean actress
1977 – Israel Vázquez, Mexican boxer
1978 – Bridgetta Tomarchio, American actress and model
1978 – Joel Porter, Australian soccer player
1978 – Simon Jones, English cricketer
1979 – Hyun Young-Min, South Korean footballer
1979 – Rob Huff, British racing driver
1980 – Marcus Trufant, American football player
1980 – Reika Hashimoto, Japanese actress
1980 – Locó, Angolan footballer
1980 – Laura Sadler, British actress (d. 2003)
1980 – Kahi, South Korean singer (After School)
1981 – Katie Wright, American actress
1981 – Willy Taveras, Dominican baseball player
1981 – Trenesha Biggers, American professional wrestler
1982 – Shawn Andrews, American football player
1982 – Rob Edwards, Welsh footballer
1982 – Shystie, British rapper-songwriter
1982 – Dev, Indian actor
1982 – Chris Rene, American singer/rapper
1982 – Ethan Kath, Canadian musician
1984 – Chris Cahill, Samoan footballer
1984 – Alastair Cook, English cricketer
1984 – Georgia Moffett, British actress
1984 – The Veronicas, Australian singers (twin sisters)
1985 – Leon Pisani, Welsh singer
1985 – Perdita Weeks, British actress
1986 – Doug Loft, English footballer
1987 – Jorgie Porter, English actress
1987 – Justin Sweeney, Australian rules footballer
1987 – Julian Lage, American jazz guitarist
1988 – Eric Gordon, American basketball player
1988 – Lukas Hinds-Johnson, German rugby player

Deaths

795 – Pope Adrian I
820 – Leo V, Byzantine Emperor (b. 775)
940 – Makan ibn Kaki, Dailamite warlord
1156 – Peter the Venerable, French Benedictine abbot of Cluny (b. c.1092)
1635 – Samuel de Champlain, French explorer (b. 1567)
1676 – Matthew Hale, English jurist (b. 1609)
1676 – William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, English soldier (b. 1592)
1683 – Kara Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman general (b. 1634)
1758 – James Hervey, English clergyman (b. 1714)
1763 – Suraj Mal, Sinsiwar Jat ruler of Bharatpur (b. 1707)
1765 – Prokop Diviš, Czech theologian and natural scientist (b. 1698)
1784 – Yosa Buson, Japanese painter (b. 1716)
1824 – Barbara von Krüdener, Russian writer (b. 1764)
1868 – Linus Yale, Jr., American mechanical engineer and inventor (b. 1821)
1875 – Young Tom Morris, Scottish golfer (b. 1851)
1880 – Fridolin Anderwert, Swiss jurist (b. 1828)
1916 – Solko van den Bergh, Dutch sports shooter (b. 1854)
1916 – Albert Chmielowski, Polish Catholic saint (b. 1845)
1921 – Vladimir Korolenko, Russian writer (b. 1853)
1925 – Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst (b. 1877)
1926 – Emperor Taisho of Japan (b. 1879)
1928 – Miles Burke, American flyweight boxer (b. 1885)
1933 – Francesc Macià i Llussà, Catalonian statesman (b. 1859)
1935 – Paul Bourget, French novelist and critic (b. 1852)
1938 – Karel Capek, Czech author (b. 1890)
1940 – Agnes Ayres, American actress (b. 1898)
1944 – George Steer, British journalist (b. 1909)
1945 – Franz Kröwerath, German rower (b. 1880)
1946 – W. C. Fields, American comedian (b. 1880)
1947 – Gaspar G. Bacon, American politician (b. 1886)
1949 – Leon Schlesinger, American film producer (b. 1884)
1950 – Neil Francis Hawkins, British fascist (b. 1903)
1952 – Margrethe Mather, photographer (b. 1886)
1953 – Patsy Donovan, Irish-born American baseball player (b. 1865)
1953 – William Haselden, Spanish cartoonist (b. 1872)
1954 – Johnny Ace, American singer (b. 1929)
1956 – Robert Walser, Swiss writer (b. 1878)
1957 – Charles Pathé, French pioneer of film and record industries (b. 1863)
1961 – Otto Loewi, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1873)
1961 – Owen Brewster, American politician (b. 1888)
1963 – Tristan Tzara, Romanian writer (b. 1896)
1970 – Michael Peto, Hungarian/British photojournalist (b. 1908)
1973 – Ismet Inönü, Turkish statesman (b. 1884)
1973 – Gabriel Voisin, French aviator (b. 1880)
1975 – Gaston Gallimard, French publisher (b. 1881)
1977 – Charlie Chaplin, English actor and film director (b. 1889)
1979 – Joan Blondell, American actress (b. 1906)
1979 – Jordi Bonet, Quebec muralist and sculptor (b. 1932)
1983 – Joan Miró, Catalan painter (b. 1893)
1988 – Shohei Ooka, Japanese novelist (b. 1909)
1988 – Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle (b. 1920)
1989 – Nicolae Ceau?escu, former President of S.R.Romania (b. 1918)
1989 – Elena Ceau?escu, Romanian politician (b. 1916)
1989 – Billy Martin, American baseball manager (b. 1928)
1992 – Monica Dickens, British writer (b. 1915)
1993 – Pierre Victor Auger, French physicist (b. 1899)
1994 – Zail Singh, President of India (b. 1916)
1995 – Dean Martin, American singer (b. 1917)
1995 – Emmanuel Levinas, French philosopher (b. 1906)
1996 – Bill Hewitt, Canadian sportscaster (b. 1928)
1997 – Anatoli Boukreev, Kazakh mountaineer (b. 1958)
1997 – Denver Pyle, American actor (b. 1920)
1998 – Bryan MacLean, American musician and songwriter (Love) (b. 1946)
1998 – John Pulman, English snooker player (b. 1926)
1999 – Peter Jeffrey, English actor (b. 1929)
2000 – Neil Hawke, Australian cricketer and footballer (b. 1939)
2000 – Willard Van Orman Quine, American philosopher (b. 1908)
2002 – William T. Orr, American television producer (b. 1917)
2003 – Nicholas Mavroules, American politician (b. 1929)
2004 – Gennadi Strekalov, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1940)
2005 – Derek Bailey, English experimental guitarist (b. 1930)
2005 – Robert Barbers, Philippine senator (b. 1944)
2005 – Birgit Nilsson, Swedish opera singer (b. 1918)
2006 – James Brown, American singer (b. 1933)
2006 – Hiroaki Hidaka, Japanese serial killer (b. 1962)
2007 – Des Barrick, English Cricketer (b. 1927)
2007 – Jim Beauchamp, American baseball player (b. 1939)
2007 – Mighty King Kong, Kenyan reggae musician (b. 1973)
2008 – Eartha Kitt, American actress and singer (b. 1927)
2009 – Vic Chesnutt, American singer and songwriter (b. 1964)
2010 – Carlos Andrés Pérez, former President of Venezuela (b. 1922)
2011 – Giorgio Bocca, Italian journalist (b. 1920)
2011 – Ben Breedlove, American Internet personality (b. 1993)
2011 – Jim Sherwood, American musician (The Mothers of Invention) (b. 1942)