Almanac - March 11
Douglas Adams 1952-2001
Events
- 222 – Emperor Elagabalus is assassinated, along with his mother, Julia Soaemias, by the Praetorian Guard during a revolt. Their mutilated bodies are dragged through the streets of Rome before being thrown into the Tiber.
- 1387 – Battle of Castagnaro: English condottiero Sir John Hawkwood leads Padova to victory in a factional clash with Verona.
- 1641 – Guaraní forces living in the Jesuit Reductions defeat bandeirantes loyal to the Portuguese Empire at the Battle of Mbororé in present-day Panambí, Argentina.
- 1649 – The Frondeurs and the French sign the Peace of Rueil.
- 1702 – The Daily Courant, England's first national daily newspaper is published for the first time.
- 1708 – Queen Anne withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation.
- 1784 – The signing of the Treaty of Mangalore brings the Second Anglo-Mysore War to an end.
- 1811 – During André Masséna's retreat from the Lines of Torres Vedras, a division led by French Marshal Michel Ney fights off a combined Anglo-Portuguese force to give Masséna time to escape.
- 1824 – The United States Department of War creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
- 1845 – The Flagstaff War: Unhappy with translational differences regarding the Treaty of Waitangi, chiefs Hone Heke, Kawiti and Maori tribe members chop down the British flagpole for a fourth time and drive settlers out of Kororareka, New Zealand.
- 1848 – Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin become the first Prime Ministers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government.
- 1851 – The first performance of Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi takes place in Venice.
- 1861 – American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.
- 1864 – The Great Sheffield Flood: The largest man-made disaster ever to befall England kills over 250 people in Sheffield.
- 1867 – The first performance of Don Carlos by Giuseppe Verdi takes place in Paris.
- 1872 – Construction of the Seven Sisters Colliery, South Wales, begins; located on one of the richest coal sources in Britain.
- 1872 – The Meiji Japanese government officially annexes the Ryukyu Kingdom into what would become the Okinawa prefecture.
- 1888 – The Great Blizzard of 1888 begins along the eastern seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400.
- 1917 – World War I: Baghdad falls to Anglo-Indian forces commanded by General Stanley Maude.
- 1927 – In New York City, Samuel Roxy Rothafel opens the Roxy Theatre.
- 1931 – Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR, abbreviated as GTO, is introduced in the Soviet Union.
- 1941 – World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act into law, allowing American-built war supplies to be shipped to the Allies on loan.
- 1942 – World War II: General Douglas MacArthur leaves Corregidor.
- 1945 – World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy attempts a large-scale kamikaze attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet anchored at Ulithi atoll in Operation Tan No. 2.
- 1945 – World War II: The Empire of Vietnam, a short-lived puppet state, is established with B?o Ð?i as its ruler.
- 1946 – Rudolf Höss, the first commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, is captured by British troops.
- 1977 – The 1977 Hanafi Muslim Siege: more than 130 hostages held in Washington, D.C., by Hanafi Muslims are set free after ambassadors from three Islamic nations join negotiations.
- 1978 – Coastal Road massacre: At least 37 are killed and more than 70 are wounded when Al Fatah hijack an Israeli bus, prompting Israel's Operation Litani.
- 1983 – Pakistan successfully conducts a cold test of a nuclear weapon.
- 1985 – Mikhail Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- 1990 – Lithuania declares itself independent from the Soviet Union.
- 1990 – Patricio Aylwin is sworn in as the first democratically elected President of Chile since 1970.
- 1993 – Janet Reno is confirmed by the United States Senate and sworn in the next day, becoming the first female Attorney General of the United States.
- 1999 – Infosys becomes the first Indian company listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange.
- 2004 – Madrid train bombings: Simultaneous explosions on rush hour trains in Madrid, Spain, kill 191 people.
- 2006 – Michelle Bachelet is inaugurated as first female president of Chile.
- 2007 – Russian helicopters reportedly attack the Kodori Valley in Abkhazia, an accusation that Russia categorically denies later.
- 2009 – Winnenden school shooting: 16 are killed and 11 are injured before recent-graduate Tim Kretschmer shoots and kills himself, leading to tightened weapons restrictions in Germany.
- 2010 – Economist and businessman Sebastián Piñera is sworn in as President of Chile, while three earthquakes, the strongest measuring magnitude 6.9 and all centered next to Pichilemu, capital of Cardenal Caro Province, hit central Chile during the ceremony.
- 2011 – An earthquake measuring 9.0 in magnitude strikes 130 km (81 mi) east of Sendai, Japan, triggering a tsunami killing thousands of people. This event also triggered the second largest nuclear accident in history, and one of only two events to be classified as a Level 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale.
Births
- 1544 – Torquato Tasso, Italian poet (d. 1595)
- 1738 – Benjamin Tupper, American Continental Army officer (d. 1792)
- 1745 – Bodawpaya, King of Burma (d. 1819)
- 1785 – John McLean, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (d. 1861)
- 1787 – Ivan Nabokov, Russian general (d. 1852)
- 1811 – Urbain Le Verrier, French mathematician (d. 1877)
- 1818 – Marius Petipa, French ballerina and choreographer (d. 1910)
- 1822 – Joseph Louis François Bertrand, French mathematician (d. 1900)
- 1863 – Andrew Stoddart, English cricketer (d. 1915)
- 1870 – Louis Bachelier, French mathematician (d. 1946)
- 1872 – Kathleen Clarice Groom, English writer (d. 1954)
- 1873 – David Horsley, English-born film executive (d. 1933)
- 1876 – Carl Ruggles, American composer (d. 1971)
- 1878 – Umegatani Totaro II, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1927)
- 1880 – Harry H. Laughlin, American eugenecist (d. 1943)
- 1884 – Lewi Pethrus, Swedish politician (d. 1974)
- 1885 – Malcolm Campbell, English race car driver (d. 1948)
- 1887 – Raoul Walsh, American film director (d. 1980)
- 1890 – Vannevar Bush, American engineer and politician (d. 1974)
- 1891 – Gertrud Wolle, German actress (d. 1952)
- 1897 – Henry Cowell, American composer and impresario (d. 1965)
- 1898 – Dorothy Gish, American actress (d. 1968)
- 1899 – King Frederick IX of Denmark (d. 1972)
- 1899 – James H. Douglas, Jr. American Secretary of the Air Force (d. 1988)
- 1903 – Ronald Syme, New Zealand classicist and historian (d. 1989)
- 1903 – Lawrence Welk, American musician (d. 1992)
- 1907 – Jessie Matthews, English actress (d. 1981)
- 1910 – Robert Havemann, German chemist (d. 1982)
- 1911 – Fitzroy MacLean, Scottish soldier, writer and politician (d. 1996)
- 1915 – Vijay Hazare, Indian cricketer (d. 2004)
- 1915 – Hans Peter Keller, German writer (d. 1988)
- 1915 – J. C. R. Licklider, American computer scientist (d. 1990)
- 1916 – Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)
- 1916 – Ezra Jack Keats, American author (d. 1983)
- 1920 – Nicolaas Bloembergen, Dutch physicist, Nobel laureate
- 1921 – Frank Harary, American mathematician (d. 2005)
- 1921 – Ástor Piazzolla, Argentine composer (d. 1992)
- 1922 – Cornelius Castoriadis, Greek philosopher and economist (d. 1997)
- 1922 – José Luis López Vázquez, Spanish actor (d. 2009)
- 1922 – Tun Abdul Razak Hussein, Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 1976)
- 1923 – Louise Brough, American tennis player
- 1926 – Ralph Abernathy, American civil rights leader (d. 1990)
- 1926 – Ilhan Mimaroglu, Turkish musician and composer
- 1927 – Robert Mosbacher, United States Secretary of Commerce (d. 2010)
- 1928 – Albert Salmi, American actor (d. 1990)
- 1929 – Timothy Carey, American actor (d. 1994)
- 1930 – Claude Jutra, Canadian actor and director (d. 1986)
- 1931 – Rupert Murdoch, Australian-born entrepreneur
- 1932 – Leroy Jenkins, American composer and violinist (d. 2007)
- 1934 – Sam Donaldson, American reporter
- 1935 – Sandra Milo, Italian actress
- 1936 – Antonin Scalia, American Supreme Court Justice
- 1936 – Hollis Frampton, American filmmaker and theorist.
- 1937 – Carlos Larrañaga, Spanish actor
- 1938 – Joseph Brooks, American screenwriter and songwriter (d. 2011)
- 1939 – Lorraine Hunt, American politician
- 1939 – Flaco Jiménez, American musician
- 1940 – Alberto Cortez, Argentinian singer
- 1942 – Joel Steiger, American writer and producer
- 1945 – Dock Ellis, American baseball player (d. 2008)
- 1945 – Harvey Mandel, American musician (Pure Food and Drug Act and Canned Heat)
- 1946 – Patty Waters, American jazz singer
- 1947 – Tristan Murail, French composer
- 1948 – Roy Barnes, American politician
- 1948 – César Gerónimo, Dominican baseball player
- 1948 – Dominique Sanda, French actress
- 1950 – Bobby McFerrin, American singer
- 1950 – Jerry Zucker, American director
- 1952 – Douglas Adams, English writer (d. 2001)
- 1953 – Derek Daly, Irish-born American race car driver
- 1953 – Bernie LaBarge, Canadian musician
- 1953 – László Bölöni, Romanian football player and manager
- 1954 – David Newman, American composer and conductor
- 1954 – Gale Norton, American politician
- 1955 – Leslie Cliff, Canadian swimmer
- 1955 – Nina Hagen, German singer and actress
- 1956 – Curtis Brown, American astronaut
- 1956 – Joey Buttafuoco, American criminal
- 1956 – D. J. MacHale, American author and TV writer
- 1956 – Rob Paulsen, American voice actor
- 1956 – Helen Rollason, English sports journalist and TV presenter (d. 1999)
- 1957 – Lady Chablis, American drag queen entertainer
- 1957 – Cheryl Lynn, American singer
- 1958 – Anissa Jones, American actress (d. 1976)
- 1958 – Eddie Lawson, American motorcycle racer
- 1958 – Tetsuro Oda, Japanese singer, songwriter and record producer
- 1958 – Jim Pinkerton, American columnist and author
- 1958 – Flemming Rose, Danish journalist
- 1958 – Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer, Iraqi interim president
- 1959 – Nina Hartley, American porn star, author and feminist
- 1959 – Dejan Stojanovic, Serbian-American poet
- 1959 – Fred M'membe, Zambian journalist
- 1960 – Christophe Gans, French film director
- 1960 – Junichi Sato, Japanese anime director
- 1961 – Elias Koteas, Canadian actor
- 1962 – Matt Mead, American politician
- 1962 – Jeffrey Nordling, American actor
- 1962 – Mary Gauthier, American singer/songwriter
- 1963 – Davis Guggenheim, American director and producer
- 1963 – Alex Kingston, English actress
- 1964 – Peter Berg, American actor, director and producer
- 1964 – Libba Bray, American author
- 1964 – Emma Chambers, English actress
- 1964 – Vinnie Paul, American drummer (Pantera, Damageplan and Hellyeah)
- 1964 – Shane Richie, British actor
- 1965 – Nigel Adkins, English football manager
- 1965 – Jesse Jackson, Jr., American politician
- 1965 – Wallace Langham, American actor
- 1965 – Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen, British reality TV personality
- 1965 – Andy Sturmer, American musician, writer and producer (Beatnik Beatch and Jellyfish)
- 1966 – Joe Hachem, Lebanese-born Australian poker player
- 1966 – Ilias Zouros, Greek basketball coach
- 1967 – John Barrowman, Scottish-American actor
- 1967 – Brad Carson, American politician
- 1967 – Renzo Gracie, Brazilian martial artist
- 1968 – Lisa Loeb, American singer-songwriter and actress (Liz and Lisa)
- 1968 – Takao Osawa, Japanese actor
- 1969 – Terrence Howard, American actor
- 1969 – Soraya, American singer (d. 2006)
- 1970 – Delia Gallagher, American journalist
- 1971 – Johnny Knoxville, American actor and comedian
- 1971 – Martin Rucinský, Czech ice hockey player
- 1972 – Paolo Ponzo, Italian footballer
- 1972 – Ua, Japanese singer-songwriter (Ajico)
- 1973 – Martin Hiden, Austrian footballer
- 1973 – Wataru Sakata, Japanese wrestler and martial artist
- 1974 – Bobby Abreu, Venezuelan baseball player
- 1974 – Kate Brian, American author
- 1974 – Jon Dalton, American reality TV personality
- 1974 – Mohit Chauhan, Indian Singer (Silk Route)
- 1975 – Eric the Midget, American radio personality
- 1975 – Shawn Springs, American football player
- 1976 – Thomas Gravesen, Danish footballer
- 1977 – Andre Nickatina, American rapper
- 1977 – Becky Hammon, American basketball player
- 1978 – Didier Drogba, Ivorian footballer
- 1978 – Albert Luque, Spanish footballer
- 1978 – Paulo Musse, Brazilian footballer
- 1978 – Christopher Rice, American author
- 1979 – Elton Brand, American basketball player
- 1979 – Fred Jones, American basketball player
- 1979 – Benji Madden, American guitarist and singer (Good Charlotte, Dead Executives and Taintstick)
- 1979 – Joel Madden, American singer and actor (Good Charlotte and Dead Executives)
- 1980 – Paul Scharner, Austrian footballer
- 1980 – Dan Uggla, American baseball player
- 1981 – David Anders, American actor
- 1981 – Heidi Cortez, American entrepreneur
- 1981 – Lee Evans, American football player
- 1981 – Russell Lissack, English musician (Bloc Party, Pin Me Down and Ash)
- 1981 – LeToya Luckett, American singer (Destiny's Child)
- 1981 – Paul Wall, American rapper (Expensive Taste)
- 1982 – Brian Anderson, American baseball player
- 1982 – Thora Birch, American actress
- 1982 – Benjamin Krause, German rugby player
- 1982 – Lindsey McKeon, American actress
- 1983 – Marietta Chrousala, Greek fashion model
- 1983 – Bianca Gonzalez, Filipina TV host and model
- 1983 – Adil Mezgour, Moroccan footballer
- 1983 – Melissa Rycroft, American cheerleader
- 1984 – Marc-André Grondin, Canadian actor
- 1984 – Anna Tsuchiya, Japanese model, actress and singer (Spin Aqua)
- 1984 – Tom James, English rower
- 1985 – Paul Bissonnette, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1985 – Luis Hernández, Mexican figure skater
- 1985 – Stelios Malezas, Greek footballer
- 1985 – Ajantha Mendis, Sri Lankan Cricketer
- 1985 – Sonia Radeva, Bulgarian figure skater
- 1985 – Derek Schouman, American football player
- 1985 – Hakuho Sho, Mongolian sumo wrestler
- 1985 – Nikolai Topor-Stanley, Australian footballer
- 1986 – Mariko Shinoda, Japanese singer and actress (AKB48)
- 1987 – Marc-André Gragnani, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1988 – Fábio Coentrão, Portuguese football player
- 1988 – Katsuhiko Nakajima, Japanese professional wrestler
- 1989 – Anton Yelchin, Russian/American actor
- 1990 – Janna Dominguez, Filipina actress
- 1990 – Reiley McClendon, American actor
- 1990 – Ayumi Morita, Japanese tennis player
- 1991 – Lin Lin, Chinese-born Japanese singer (Morning Musume and Shin Minimoni)
- 1991 – Poonam Pandey, Indian model
- 1991 – Jack Rodwell, English footballer
- 1992 – Sacha Parkinson, British actress
- 1993 – Demi Harman, Australian actress.
Deaths
- 1425 BC – Thutmose III, Egyptian pharaoh
- 222 – Elagabalus, Roman Emperor
- 222 – Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus (b. 180)
- 859 – Eulogius of Cordoba, Spanish martyr
- 1198 – Marie de Champagne, French noble (b. 1145)
- 1486 – Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg (b. 1414)
- 1514 – Donato Bramante, Italian architect (b. 1444)
- 1575 – Matthias Flacius, Croatian Protestant reformer (b. 1520)
- 1602 – Emilio de' Cavalieri, Italian composer
- 1607 – Giovanni Maria Nanino, Italian composer (b. 1543 or 1544)
- 1722 – John Toland, Irish philosopher (b. 1670)
- 1759 – John Forbes, English general (b. 1710)
- 1786 – Charles Humphreys, American politician (b. 1714)
- 1801 – Paul I of Russia, Russian emporer (b. 1754)
- 1820 – Benjamin West, English-American painter (b. 1738)
- 1851 – George McDuffie, American politician (b. 1790)
- 1854 – Willard Richards, American religious figure (b. 1804)
- 1856 – James Beatty, Irish railway engineer (b. 1820)
- 1863 – Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet, English general (b. 1803)
- 1866 – Ulysses F. Doubleday, American congressman (b. 1792)
- 1869 – Vladimir Odoevsky, Russian philosopher (b. 1803)
- 1870 – Moshoeshoe I, King of Lesotho
- 1874 – Charles Sumner, American politician (b. 1811)
- 1898 – William Rosecrans, American Civil War Union general (b. 1819)
- 1898 – Dikran Tchouhadjian, Armenian composer and activist (b. 1837)
- 1907 – Jean Casimir-Perier, French politician (b. 1847)
- 1908 – Benjamin Waugh, American activist (b. 1839)
- 1915 – Thomas Alexander Browne, Australian writer (b. 1826)
- 1920 – Julio Garavito Armero, Colombian astronomer (b. 1865)
- 1931 – Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, German director (b. 1888)
- 1937 – Joseph S. Cullinan, American industrialist (b. 1860)
- 1944 – Hendrik Willem van Loon, Dutch-born American historian (b. 1882)
- 1949 – Anastasios Charalambis, Greek interim Prime Minister (b. 1862)
- 1951 – János Zsupánek, Slovene poet and writer (b. 1861)
- 1952 – Pierre Renoir, French actor and director (b. 1885)
- 1955 – Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish scientist, Nobel laureate (b. 1881)
- 1955 – Oscar Mayer, Bavarian-born American entrepreneur (b. 1859)
- 1957 – Richard E. Byrd, American admiral and explorer (b. 1888)
- 1958 – Ole Kirk Christiansen, Danish inventor (b. 1891)
- 1960 – Roy Chapman Andrews, American explorer and adventurer (b. 1884)
- 1967 – Geraldine Farrar, American soprano (b. 1882)
- 1969 – John Wyndham, English author (b. 1903)
- 1970 – Erle Stanley Gardner, American novelist (b. 1889)
- 1971 – Philo T. Farnsworth, American inventor (b. 1906)
- 1971 – Whitney Young, American civil rights activist (b. 1921)
- 1977 – Ulysses S. Grant IV, American geologist (b. 1893)
- 1977 – Alberto Rodriguez Larreta, Argentine racing driver (b. 1934)
- 1978 – Claude François, French singer (b. 1939)
- 1978 – Sofia Vembo, Greek singer and actress (b. 1910)
- 1982 – Edmund Cooper, English author (b. 1926)
- 1982 – Horace Gregory, American poet (b. 1898)
- 1984 – Kostas Roukounas, Greek singer and songwriter (b. 1903)
- 1986 – Sonny Terry, American blues musician (b. 1911)
- 1987 – Joe Gladwin, English actor (b. 1906)
- 1989 – James Kee, American politician (b. 1917)
- 1989 – John J. McCloy, American politician (b. 1895)
- 1990 – Dean Horrix, English footballer (b. 1961)
- 1992 – Richard Brooks, American film director (b. 1912)
- 1993 – Dino Bravo, Italian-born wrestler (b. 1949),
- 1995 – Myfanwy Talog, Welsh actress (b. 1945)
- 1996 – Vince Edwards, American actor and director (b. 1928)
- 1999 – Herbert Jasper, Canadian psychologist, anatomist and neurologist (b. 1906)
- 1999 – Camille Laurin, Canadian psychiatrist and politician (b. 1922)
- 2002 – James Tobin, American economist, Nobel laureate (b. 1918)
- 2003 – Brian Cleeve, Irish author (b. 1921)
- 2003 – Ivar Hansen, Danish politician (b. 1938)
- 2006 – Bernie "Boom Boom" Geoffrion, Canadian hockey player (b. 1931)
- 2006 – Slobodan Miloševic, President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia (b. 1941)
- 2007 – Betty Hutton, American actress and singer (b. 1921)
- 2008 – Nils Taube, Estonian-born English fund manager (b. 1928)
- 2009 – Charles Lewis, Jr., American businessman, co-founder of Tapout Clothing (b. 1963)
- 2010 – Hans van Mierlo, Dutch politician (b. 1931)
- 2010 – Merlin Olsen, American football player and actor (b. 1940)
- 2010 – Leena Peltonen-Palotie, Finnish human geneticist (b. 1952)
- 2011 – Gary Wichard, American sports agent (b. 1950)
- 2011 – Jack Hardy, American singer-songwriter (b. 1947)
Holidays and observances
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