Almanac - March 14
π PI Day
Events
- 44 BC – Casca, Cicero and Cassius decided, in the night before the Assassination of Julius Caesar, that Mark Antony should stay alive.
- 313 – Emperor Jin Huidi is executed by Liu Cong, ruler of the Xiongnu state (Han Zhao).
- 1381 – Chioggia concludes an alliance with Zadar and Trogir against Venice, which becomes changed in 1412 in Šibenik.
- 1489 – The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
- 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Huguenots defeat the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne during the French Wars of Religion.
- 1647 – Thirty Years' War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.
- 1757 – Admiral Sir John Byng is executed by firing squad aboard HMS Monarch for breach of the Articles of War.
- 1780 – American Revolutionary War: Spanish forces capture Fort Charlotte in Mobile, Alabama, the last British frontier post capable of threatening New Orleans in Spanish Louisiana.
- 1782 – Battle of Wuchale: Emperor Tekle Giyorgis pacifies a group of Oromo near Wuchale.
- 1794 – Eli Whitney is granted a patent for the cotton gin.
- 1885 – The Mikado a light opera by W.S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, had its first public performance in London.
- 1900 – The Gold Standard Act is ratified, placing United States currency on the gold standard.
- 1903 – The Hay-Herran Treaty, granting the United States the right to build the Panama Canal, is ratified by the United States Senate. The Colombian Senate would later reject the treaty.
- 1910 – Lakeview Gusher, the largest U.S. oil well gusher near Bakersfield, California, vented to atmosphere.
- 1915 – World War I: Cornered off the coast of Chile by the Royal Navy after fleeing the Battle of the Falkland Islands, the German light cruiser SMS Dresden is abandoned and scuttled by her crew.
- 1931 – Alam Ara, India's first talkie film, is released.
- 1939 – Slovakia declares independence under German pressure.
- 1942 – Orvan Hess and John Bumstead became the first in the world to successfully treat a patient, Anne Miller, using penicillin.
- 1943 – World War II – The Kraków Ghetto is 'liquidated'.
- 1945 – World War II – The R.A.F. first operational use of the Grand Slam bomb, Bielefeld, Germany.
- 1951 – Korean War: For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul.
- 1964 – A jury in Dallas, Texas, finds Jack Ruby guilty of killing Lee Harvey Oswald, assumed assassin of John F. Kennedy.
- 1967 – The body of President John F. Kennedy is moved to a permanent burial place at Arlington National Cemetery.
- 1972 – Italian publisher and former partisan Giangiacomo Feltrinelli is killed by an explosion near Segrate.
- 1972 – Sterling Airways Flight 296 crashed near Kalba in the United Arab Emirates. All 112 passengers and crew were killed.
- 1978 – The Israeli Defense Force invades and occupies southern Lebanon, in Operation Litani.
- 1979 – In China, a Hawker Siddeley Trident crashes into a factory near Beijing, killing at least 200.
- 1980 – In Poland, a plane crashes during final approach near Warsaw, killing 87 people, including a 14-man American boxing team.
- 1984 – Gerry Adams, head of Sinn Féin, is seriously wounded in an assassination attempt in central Belfast.
- 1994 – Timeline of Linux development: Linux kernel version 1.0.0 is released.
- 1995 – Space Exploration: Astronaut Norman Thagard becomes the first American astronaut to ride to space on-board a Russian launch vehicle.
- 2006 – Members of the Chadian military fail in a coup d'état attempt.
- 2007 – The Left Front government of West Bengal sends at least 3,000 police to Nandigram in an attempt to break Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee resistance there; the resulting clash leaves 14 dead.
- 2008 – A series of riots, protests, and demonstrations erupted in Lhasa and elsewhere in Tibet.
Births
- 1638 – Johann Georg Gichtel, German mystic (d. 1710)
- 1681 – Georg Philipp Telemann, German composer (d. 1767)
- 1790 – Ludwig Emil Grimm, German painter and engraver (d. 1863)
- 1801 – Kristjan Jaak Peterson, first Estonian poet (d. 1822)
- 1804 – Johann Strauss, Senior, Austrian composer (d. 1849)
- 1807 – Josephine of Leuchtenberg, queen of Sweden and Norway (d. 1876)
- 1813 – Joseph Philo Bradley, American jurist and former Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (d. 1892)
- 1822 – Teresa of the Two Sicilies, Empress of Brazil (d. 1889)
- 1823 – Théodore de Banville, French writer (d. 1891)
- 1833 – Lucy Hobbs Taylor, first female dentist in the United States (d. 1910)
- 1835 – Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer (d. 1910)
- 1837 – Charles Ammi Cutter, American librarian (d. 1903)
- 1844 – Arthur William Edgar O'Shaughnessy, British poet
- 1844 – King Umberto I of Italy, (d. 1900)
- 1851 – John Sebastian Little, American politician, member of the United States House of Representatives from Arkansas and 21st Governor of Arkansas (d. 1916)
- 1853 – Ferdinand Hodler, Swiss painter (d. 1918)
- 1854 – Paul Ehrlich, German scientist, Nobel laureate (d. 1915)
- 1854 – John Lane, British publisher (d. 1925)
- 1854 – Alexandru Macedonski, Romanian writer (d. 1920)
- 1854 – Thomas R. Marshall, American politician, 27th Governor of Indiana, and 28th Vice President of the United States of America (d. 1925)
- 1862 – Vilhelm Bjerknes, Norwegian physicist (d. 1951)
- 1863 – Casey Jones, American railroad engineer (d. 1900)
- 1866 – Alexey Troitsky, Russian chess problemist (d. 1942)
- 1868 – Emily Murphy, Canadian women's rights activist, first female magistrate in the British Empire (d. 1933)
- 1869 – Algernon Blackwood, British writer (d. 1951)
- 1879 – Albert Einstein, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955)
- 1880 – Princess Thyra, daughter of Frederick VIII of Denmark (d. 1945)
- 1882 – Waclaw Sierpinski, Polish mathematician (d. 1969)
- 1885 – Raoul Lufbery, American World War I pilot (d. 1918)
- 1886 – Firmin Lambot, Belgian cyclist (d. 1964)
- 1887 – Sylvia Beach, American publisher (d. 1962)
- 1887 – Charles Reisner, American silent actor and film director (d. 1962)
- 1888 – Marc-Aurèle Fortin, Canadian painter (d. 1970)
- 1894 – Osa Johnson, American explorer (d. 1953)
- 1898 – Arnold Chikobava, Georgian linguist (d. 1985)
- 1899 – K.C. Irving, Canadian industrialist (d. 1992)
- 1899 – Ada Kramm, Norwegian actress (d. 1981)
- 1903 – Mustafa Barzani, Kurdish politician (d. 1979)
- 1903 – Adolph Gottlieb American painter (d. 1974)
- 1904 – Doris Eaton Travis, American actress, Ziegfeld girl (d. 2010)
- 1905 – Raymond Aron, French philosopher (d. 1983)
- 1908 – Ed Heinemann, American aircraft designer (Douglas Aircraft) (d. 1991)
- 1908 – Maurice Merleau-Ponty, French phenomenological philosopher (d. 1961)
- 1908 – Philip Conrad Vincent, British motorcycle pioneer (Vincent Black Shadow, Vincent Rapide and Vincent Black Lightning) (d. 1979)
- 1912 – Cliff Bastin, English footballer (d. 1991)
- 1912 – Les Brown, American bandleader (d. 2001)
- 1912 – W. Graham Claytor, Jr. Southern Railway and later Amtrak President (d. 1994)
- 1912 – Charles Van Acker, Belgian racing driver (d. 1998)
- 1912 – W. Willard Wirtz, American administrator (d. 2010)
- 1914 – Lee Elhardt Hays, American folk singer (d. 1981)
- 1914 – Bill Owen, British actor (d. 1999)
- 1914 – Lee Petty, American race car driver (d. 2000)
- 1915 – Alexander Brott, Canadian conductor and composer (d. 2005)
- 1916 – Horton Foote, American author, playwright and screenwriter (d. 2009)
- 1918 – Dennis Patrick, American actor (d. 2002)
- 1920 – Hank Ketcham, American cartoonist (d. 2001)
- 1921 – S. Truett Cathy, founder of Chick-fil-A
- 1922 – Les Baxter, American musician and composer (d. 1996)
- 1923 – Diane Arbus, American photographer (d. 1971)
- 1925 – William Clay Ford, Sr., American owner of the Detroit Lions
- 1925 – Francis A. Marzen, American Catholic prelate (d. 2004)
- 1926 – François Morel, Canadian pianist, conductor and music educator
- 1928 – Frank Borman, American astronaut and CEO
- 1928 – Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente, Spanish populariser environmentalist (d. 1980)
- 1931 – Phil Phillips, American singer and songwriter
- 1932 – Naina Yeltsina, former First Lady of Russian Federation
- 1933 – Sir Michael Caine, British actor
- 1933 – René Felber, former member of the Swiss Federal Council
- 1933 – Quincy Jones, American musician and composer
- 1934 – Eugene Cernan, American astronaut
- 1934 – Paul Rader, the 15th General of The Salvation Army
- 1936 – Bob Charles, New Zealand golfer
- 1939 – Pilar Bardem, Spanish actress
- 1939 – Raymond J. Barry, American actor
- 1939 – Bertrand Blier, French film director and screenwriter
- 1939 – Yves Boisset, French film director and screenwriter
- 1939 – Stavros Xarhakos, Greek composer
- 1941 – Wolfgang Petersen, German director
- 1942 – Rita Tushingham, British actress
- 1944 – Boris Brott, Canadian musician and conductor
- 1944 – Vaclav Nedomansky, Czech hockey player
- 1944 – Bobby Smith, English professional footballer and manager
- 1943 – Anita Morris, American actress (d. 1994)
- 1945 – Jasper Carrott, British comedian
- 1945 – Michael Martin Murphey, American country music singer
- 1945 – Walter Parazaider, American saxophonist (Chicago)
- 1945 – Herman Van Veen, Dutch singer and theatre performer
- 1946 – Steve Kanaly, American actor
- 1946 – Wes Unseld, American basketball player
- 1947 – Pam Ayres, British poet
- 1947 – Roy Budd, British jazz musician and composer (d.1993)
- 1947 – William J. Jefferson, American politician
- 1947 – Jona Lewie, English singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist.
- 1948 – Tom Coburn, American politician, junior Senator from Oklahoma
- 1948 – Billy Crystal, American actor and comedian
- 1948 – Theo Jansen, Dutch artist and kinetic sculptor.
- 1949 – Michael Stedman, British World War I historian and author
- 1950 – Rick Dees, American disc jockey
- 1951 – Jerry Greenfield, American co-founder of Ben & Jerry's ice cream
- 1955 – Helen Atkinson-Wood, English actress and comedian
- 1956 – Colin Ayre, British football player
- 1956 – Butch Wynegar, American baseball player
- 1957 – Andrew Robinson, British author
- 1957 – Tad Williams, American author
- 1958 – Albert II, Prince of Monaco
- 1959 – Tamara Tunie, American actress
- 1959 – Brian Whitfield, former South African cricketer
- 1960 – Kirby Puckett, American baseball player (d. 2006)
- 1961 – Rey Washam, American musician (Scratch Acid)
- 1961 – Greg Anderson, American NHRA driver
- 1961 – Gary Dell'Abate, American radio producer
- 1961 – Penny Johnson Jerald, American actress
- 1961 – Hiro Matsushita, Japanese racing driver
- 1962 – Narumi Tsunoda, Japanese voice actress
- 1963 – Bruce Reid, Australian cricketer
- 1964 – Dario Bisso, Italian conductor
- 1965 – James Kevin Brown, American baseball player
- 1965 – Aamir Khan, Indian actor
- 1965 – Kiana Tom, American fitness guru and model
- 1965 – Kevin Williamson, American screenwriter
- 1966 – Elise Neal, American actress
- 1967 – Melissa Reeves, American actress
- 1968 – Megan Follows, Canadian actress
- 1969 – Des Coleman, English actor and presenter
- 1969 – Larry Johnson, American basketball player
- 1970 – Ebru Kavaklioglu, Russian athlete
- 1970 – Meredith Salenger, American actress
- 1974 – Grace Park, Canadian actress
- 1974 – Patrick Traverse, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1975 – Stephen Harper, British/English footballer
- 1975 – Johan Paulik, Slovak porn star
- 1975 – Wendy Rice, American actress
- 1975 – Rico Yan, Filipino actor (d. 2002)
- 1976 – Daniel Gillies, Canadian born New Zealand actor
- 1976 – Merlin Santana, American actor (d. 2002)
- 1977 – Zé António, Portuguese footballer
- 1977 – Vadims Fjodorovs, Latvian footballer
- 1977 – Aki Hoshino, Japanese model
- 1977 – Naoki Matsuda, Japanese footballer (d. 2011)
- 1978 – Carlo Giuliani, Italian anarchist (d. 2001)
- 1978 – Pieter van den Hoogenband, Dutch swimmer
- 1979 – Nicolas Anelka, French footballer
- 1979 – Anthony Carelli, Italian-American professional wrestler
- 1979 – Chris Klein, American actor
- 1979 – Love, Angolan footballer
- 1979 – Sead Ramovic, German-born Bosnian footballer
- 1980 – Aaron Brown, English footballer
- 1980 – Matteo Grassotto, Italian racing driver
- 1980 – Ben Herring, New Zealand rugby union footballer
- 1980 – Mercedes McNab, Canadian-born actress
- 1981 – Bobby Jenks, American baseball player
- 1981 – Mei-Ting Sun, Chinese-born pianist
- 1981 – George Wilson, American football player
- 1982 – Carlos Marinelli, Argentine footballer
- 1982 – Kate Maberly, British actor, singer-songwriter
- 1982 – François Sterchele, Belgian footballer (d. 2008)
- 1983 – Bakhtiyar Artayev, Kazakh boxer
- 1983 – Taylor Hanson, American musician (Hanson)
- 1984 – Liesel Matthews, American former child actress
- 1985 – Eva Angelina, American pornographic actress
- 1985 – Idaira, Spanish singer
- 1985 – Brianna Love, American pornographic actress
- 1985 – Ariel Rebel, Canadian pornographic actress
- 1986 – Jamie Bell, British actor
- 1986 – Elton Chigumbura, Zimbabwean cricketer
- 1986 – Andy Taylor, British/English footballer
- 1987 – Robert Clark, American Actor
- 1988 – Stephen Curry, American basketball player
- 1988 – Sasha Grey, American pornographic actress
- 1989 – Kevin Lacroix, Canadian racing car driver
- 1989 – Colby O'Donis, American musician
- 1990 – Kolbeinn Sigþórsson, Icelandic footballer
- 1991 – László Szucs, Hungarian footballer
- 1991 – Steven Zellner, German footballer
- 1992 – Jasmine Murray, American singer
- 1993 – Philipp Ziereis, German footballer
Deaths
- 313 – Jin Huidi, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 284)
- 968 – Matilda of Ringelheim, German Queen (b. c. 895)
- 1457 – Jingtai Emperor of China (b. 1428)
- 1471 – Sir Thomas Malory, English author (b. 1405)
- 1647 – Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (b. 1584)
- 1648 – Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English general (b. 1584)
- 1680 – René Le Bossu, French critic (b. 1631)
- 1682 – Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruysdael, Dutch painter (b. 1628)
- 1696 – Jean Domat, French jurist (b. 1625)
- 1698 – Claes Rålamb, Swedish statesman (b. 1622)
- 1748 – George Wade, British military leader (b. 1673)
- 1757 – John Byng, Royal Navy admiral (b. 1704)
- 1765 – Ayagawa Goroji, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 2nd Yokozuna (b. c. 1703)
- 1791 – Johann Salomo Semler, German historian and Bible commentator (b. 1725)
- 1803 – Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, German writer (b. 1724)
- 1805 – Stanislaw Szczesny Potocki, Russian general (b. 1753)
- 1811 – Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1735)
- 1823 – Charles François Dumouriez, French general (b. 1739)
- 1823 – John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent Royal Navy, Admiral of the Fleet
- 1883 – Karl Marx, German philosopher and political theorist (b. 1818)
- 1884 – Quintino Sella, Italian statesman (b. 1827)
- 1932 – George Eastman, American inventor, and founder of Eastman Kodak (b. 1854)
- 1933 – Balto, Siberian Husky noted for his role in the 1925 serum run to Nome (b. 1919)
- 1946 – Werner von Blomberg, field marshal (b. 1878)
- 1949 – John Callan O'Laughlin, American political and military figure and journalist (b. 1873)
- 1957 – Evagoras Pallikarides, Greek-Cypriot freedom fighter (b. 1938)
- 1973 – Howard Aiken, American engineer (b. 1900)
- 1973 – Rafael Godoy, Colombian composer (b. 1907)
- 1973 – Chic Young, American cartoonist (b. 1901)
- 1975 – Susan Hayward, American actress (b. 1917)
- 1976 – Busby Berkeley, American choreographer and director (b. 1895)
- 1977 – Fannie Lou Hamer, American civil rights activist (b. 1917)
- 1980 – Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente, Spanish environmentalist (b. 1928)
- 1980 – Mohammad Hatta, Indonesian politician (b. 1902)
- 1983 – Maurice Ronet, French film actor (b. 1927)
- 1984 – Hovhannes Shiraz, Armenian poet (b. 1915)
- 1989 – Edward Abbey, American author and environmental activist (b. 1927)
- 1989 – Happy Humphrey, American professional wrestler known for weighing in at 800+ pounds
- 1991 – Howard Ashman, American lyricist and playwright (b. 1950)
- 1991 – Doc Pomus, American composer (b. 1925)
- 1991 – Margery Sharp, children's author (b. 1905)
- 1992 – Jean Poiret, French actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1926)
- 1995 – William Alfred Fowler, American physicist, Nobel laureate (b. 1911)
- 1997 – Fred Zinnemann, Austrian-born director (b. 1907)
- 1999 – Kirk Alyn, American actor (b. 1910)
- 2000 – C. Jérôme, French singer (b. 1946)
- 2002 – Cherry Wilder, New Zealand-born author (b. 1930)
- 2003 – Jack Goldstein, Canadian-born artist (b. 1945)
- 2003 – Jean-Luc Lagardère, French publisher (b. 1928)
- 2006 – Ann Calvello, roller-derby queen (b. 1929)
- 2006 – Lennart Meri, former President of Estonia (b. 1929)
- 2007 – Lucie Aubrac, French history teacher and member of the French Resistance (b. 1912)
- 2007 – Gareth Hunt, English actor (b. 1943)
- 2008 – Chiara Lubich, Italian Catholic activist and leader and foundress of the Focolare (b. 1920)
- 2009 – Alain Bashung, French singer, songwriter, comedian and actor (b. 1947)
- 2009 – Altovise Davis, American entertainer, Sammy Davis, Jr.'s widow (b. 1943)
- 2010 – Peter Graves, American actor (b. 1926)
- 2010 – Janet Simpson, British track and field athlete (b. 1944)
Holidays and observances
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