today.nukz.net: Almanac April 28

Kurt Friedrich Gödel (April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was an Austrian/American logician, mathematician, and philosopher. Later in his life he emigrated to the United States to escape the effects of World War II. One of the most significant logicians of all time, Gödel made an immense impact upon scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century, a time when many, such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead and David Hilbert, were pioneering the use of logic and set theory to understand the foundations of mathematics

Events

357 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory over Magnus Magnentius.
1192 – Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I), King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title to the throne is confirmed by election. The killing is carried out by Hashshashin.
1253 – Nichiren, a Japanese Buddhist monk, propounds Nam Myoho Renge Kyo for the very first time and declares it to be the essence of Buddhism, in effect founding Nichiren Buddhism.
1503 – The Battle of Cerignola is fought. It is noted as the first battle in history won by small arms fire using gunpowder.
1611 – Establishment of the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, The Catholic University of the Philippines, the largest Catholic university in the world.
1788 – Maryland becomes the seventh state to ratify the Constitution of the United States.
1789 – Mutiny on the Bounty: Lieutenant William Bligh and 18 sailors are set adrift and the rebel crew returns to Tahiti briefly and then sets sail for Pitcairn Island.
1792 – France invades the Austrian Netherlands (present day Belgium), beginning the French Revolutionary War.
1796 – The Armistice of Cherasco is signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Vittorio Amedeo III, the King of Sardinia, expanding French territory along the Mediterranean coast.
1869 – Chinese and Irish laborers for the Central Pacific Railroad working on the First Transcontinental Railroad lay 10 miles of track in one day, a feat which has never been matched.
1887 – A week after being arrested by the Prussian Secret Police, Alsatian police inspector Guillaume Schnaebelé is released on order of German Emperor William I, defusing a possible war.
1910 – Frenchman Louis Paulhan wins the 1910 London to Manchester air race, the first long-distance aeroplane race in England.
1920 – Azerbaijan is added to the Soviet Union.
1930 – The first night game in organized baseball history takes place in Independence, Kansas.
1932 – A vaccine for yellow fever is announced for use on humans.
1944 – World War II: Nine German S-boots attacked US and UK units during Exercise Tiger, the rehearsal for the Normandy landings, killing 946.
1945 – Benito Mussolini and his mistress Clara Petacci are executed by a firing squad consisting of members of the Italian resistance movement.
1947 – Thor Heyerdahl and five crew mates set out from Peru on the Kon-Tiki to prove that Peruvian natives could have settled Polynesia.
1948 – Igor Stravinsky conducted the premier of his American ballet, Orpheus, in New York City at New York City Center.
1949 – Former First Lady of the Philippines Aurora Quezon, 61, is assassinated while en route to dedicate a hospital in memory of her late husband; her daughter and 10 others are also killed.
1950 – Bhumibol Adulyadej marries Queen Sirikit after their quiet engagement in Lausanne, Switzerland on July 19, 1949.
1952 – Dwight D. Eisenhower resigns as Supreme Allied Commander of NATO.
1952 – Occupied Japan: The United States occupation of Japan ends as the Treaty of San Francisco, ratified September 8, 1951, comes into force.
1952 – The Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty (Treaty of Taipei) is signed in Taipei, Taiwan between Japan and the Republic of China to officially end the Second Sino-Japanese War.
1965 – United States occupation of the Dominican Republic: American troops land in the Dominican Republic to "forestall establishment of a Communist dictatorship" and to evacuate U.S. Army troops.
1969 – Charles de Gaulle resigns as President of France.
1970 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon formally authorizes American combat troops to fight communist sanctuaries in Cambodia.
1975 – General Cao Van Vien, chief of the South Vietnamese military, departs for the US as the North Vietnamese Army closed in on victory.
1977 – The Red Army Faction trial ends, with Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin and Jan-Carl Raspe found guilty of four counts of murder and more than 30 counts of attempted murder.
1977 – The Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure is signed.
1978 – President of Afghanistan, Mohammed Daoud Khan, is overthrown and assassinated in a coup led by pro-communist rebels.
1986 – The United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Enterprise becomes the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier to transit the Suez Canal, navigating from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea to relieve the USS Coral Sea.
1987 – American engineer Ben Linder is killed in an ambush by U.S.-funded Contras in northern Nicaragua.
1988 – Near Maui, Hawaii, flight attendant Clarabelle "C.B." Lansing is blown out of Aloha Airlines Flight 243, a Boeing 737, and falls to her death when part of the plane's fuselage rips open in mid-flight.
1994 – Former Central Intelligence Agency counter-intelligence officer and analyst Aldrich Ames pleads guilty to giving U.S. secrets to the Soviet Union and later Russia.
1996 – Whitewater controversy: President Bill Clinton gives a 4½ hour videotaped testimony for the defense.
1996 – In Tasmania, Australia, Martin Bryant goes on a shooting spree, killing 35 people and seriously injuring 21 more.
1999 – In Alberta, Canada, 14-year-old Todd Cameron Smith fires upon three students, killing one and wounding another in the W. R. Myers High School shooting.
2001 – Millionaire Dennis Tito becomes the world's first space tourist.
2008 – A train collision in Shandong, China, kills 72 people and injures 416 more.

Births

32 – Marcus Salvius Otho, Roman emperor (d. 69 AD)
1442 – Edward IV of England (d. 1483)
1545 – Yi Sun-sin, Korean admiral (d. 1598)
1630 – Charles Cotton, English poet (d. 1687)
1652 – Magdalena Sibylla of Hesse-Darmstadt, German composer (d. 1712)
1686 – Michael Brokoff, Czech sculptor (d. 1721)
1715 – Franz Sparry, Austrian composer (d. 1767)
1758 – James Monroe, American politician, 5th President of the United States (d. 1831)
1765 – Sylvestre François Lacroix, French mathematician (d. 1834)
1819 – Ezra Abbot, American scholar (d. 1884)
1827 – William Nelson Hall, Canadian sailor (d. 1904)
1838 – Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Dutch jurist, Nobel laureate (d. 1913)
1863 – Josiah Thomas, Australian politician (d. 1933)
1868 – Lucy Booth, Indian songwriter and commander, daughter of William and Catherine Booth (d. 1953)
1868 – Georgy Voronoy, Russian mathematician (d. 1908)
1870 – August Schmierer, German rugby player
1874 – Karl Kraus, Austrian journalist and author (d. 1936)
1876 – Nicola Romeo, Italian automobile engineer and entrepreneur (d. 1938)
1878 – Lionel Barrymore, American actor (d. 1954)
1888 – Walter Tull, English footballer (d. 1918)
1889 – António de Oliveira Salazar, Portuguese politician (d. 1970)
1891 – Charlie Patton, American Delta blues guitarist (d. 1934)
1897 – Ye Jianying, Chinese general and politician (d. 1986)
1900 – Heinrich Müller, German police official (d. 1945)
1900 – Jan Oort, Dutch astronomer (d. 1992)
1902 – Johan Borgen, Norwegian author (d. 1979)
1906 – Pierre Boileau, French writer (d. 1989)
1906 – Kurt Gödel, Austrian mathematician (d. 1978)
1906 – Paul Sacher, Swiss conductor (d. 1999)
1908 – Oskar Schindler, Austro-Hungarian industrialist (d. 1974)
1910 – Sam Merwin, Jr., American writer (d. 1996)
1911 – Lee Falk, American writer (d. 1999)
1912 – Odette Sansom Hallowes, French resistance worker (d. 1995)
1912 – Kaneto Shindo, Japanese director
1914 – Philip E. High, English author (d. 2006)
1916 – Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian industrialist and automobile manufacturer, created Lamborghini (d. 1993)
1921 – Rowland Evans, American journalist (d. 2001)
1921 – Simin Daneshvar, Iranian writer and translator (d. 2012)
1923 – William Guarnere, American soldier and Sergeant
1924 – Donatas Banionis, Lithuanian actor
1924 – Kenneth Kaunda, Zambian teacher and politician, 1st President of Zambia
1924 – Blossom Dearie, American singer and pianist, (d. 2009)
1925 – T. John Lesinski, American politician and judge, 51st Lieutenant Governor of Michigan
1926 – Harper Lee, American author
1928 – Yves Klein, French painter (d. 1962)
1928 – Eugene M. Shoemaker, American scientist (d. 1997)
1930 – James Baker, American politician
1930 – Carolyn Jones, American actress (d. 1983)
1932 – Brownie Ledbetter, American civil rights activist (d. 2010)
1934 – Lois Duncan, American novelist
1937 – Saddam Hussein, Iraqi politician, 5th President of Iraq (d. 2006)
1937 – John White, Scottish footballer (d. 1964)
1937 – Jean Redpath, Scottish singer
1938 – Madge Sinclair, Jamaican actress (d. 1995)
1941 – Lucien Aimar, French cyclist
1941 – Ann-Margret, Swedish actress
1941 – Nico Mastorakis, Greek director and producer
1941 – Karl Barry Sharpless, American chemist, Nobel laureate
1941 – Iryna Zhylenko, Ukrainian poet
1942 – Mike Brearley, English cricketer
1943 – Jacques Dutronc, French singer-songwriter, guitarist, composer, and actor
1943 – Yoav Talmi, Israeli conductor and composer
1944 – Elizabeth LeCompte, American director
1944 – Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe, Belgian politician
1944 – Alice Waters, American chef
1945 – John Wolters, American musician (Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show) (d. 1997)
1946 – Ginette Reno, French Canadian singer-songwriter, author, and actress
1947 – Christian Jacq, French author and Egyptologist
1948 – Dorothée Berryman, Canadian actress and singer
1948 – Terry Pratchett, English author
1948 – Marcia Strassman, American actress
1949 – Indian Larry, American motorcycle builder, stunt rider, and biker (d. 2004)
1949 – Paul Guilfoyle, American actor
1949 – Bruno Kirby, American actor (d. 2006)
1950 – Willie Colón, Puerto Rican trombonist and producer
1950 – Jay Leno, American comedian and talk show host
1951 – Larry Smith, Canadian football player and politician
1952 – Mary McDonnell, American actress
1952 – Chuck Leavell, keyboard player, Allman Brothers, Sea Level and others
1953 – Kim Gordon, American singer-songwriter, musician, producer, and fashion designer (Sonic Youth, Ciccone Youth, and Free Kitten)
1953 – Roberto Bolaño, Chilean novelist and poet (d. 2003)
1954 – Vic Sotto, Filipino actor, comedian, and producer
1954 – Ron Zook, American football coach
1955 – Nicky Gumbel, British author and priest
1956 – Jimmy Barnes, Scottish-Australian singer-songwriter and musician Cold Chisel, Fraternity, and Living Loud)
1957 – Wilma Landkroon, Dutch singer
1958 – Nancy Lee Grahn, American actress
1958 – Hal Sutton, American golfer
1959 – Erhard Loretan, Swiss mountaineer (d. 2011)
1960 – John Cerutti, American baseball player and announcer (d. 2004)
1960 – Ian Rankin, Scottish novelist
1960 – Jón Páll Sigmarsson, Icelandic athlete (d. 1993)
1960 – Walter Zenga, Italian footballer
1961 – Futoshi Matsunaga, Japanese serial killer
1961 – Anna Oxa, Italian singer
1963 – Lloyd Eisler, Canadian figure skater
1963 – Marc Lacroix, Belgian biochemist
1964 – Noriyuki Iwadare, Japanese composer
1964 – Barry Larkin, American baseball player
1965 – Steven Blum, American voice actor
1965 – Jennifer Rardin, American author (d. 2010)
1966 – John Daly, American golfer
1966 – Too Short, American rapper, producer, and actor
1967 – Kari Wührer, American actress
1968 – Howard Donald, English singer-songwriter, musician, and producer (Take That)
1968 – Andy Flower, Zimbabwean cricketer
1968 – Scott Putesky, American musician (Jack Off Jill)
1970 – Nicklas Lidström, Swedish ice hockey player
1970 – Diego Simeone, Argentine footballer
1971 – Brad McEwan, Australian journalist
1971 – Bridget Moynahan, American actress
1972 – Joseph Bruce, American rapper, producer, wrestler and actor (Insane Clown Posse, Dark Lotus, and Psychopathic Rydas)
1973 – Jorge Garcia, American actor
1973 – Earl Holmes, American football player
1973 – Francisco Palencia, Mexican footballer
1973 – Elisabeth Röhm, German-American actress
1973 – Serge Zwikker, American basketball player
1974 – Penélope Cruz, Spanish actress
1974 – Richel Hersisia, Dutch boxer
1974 – Vernon Kay, English disc jockey, model, and television presenter
1974 – Dominic Matteo, Scottish footballer
1974 – Margo Dydek, Polish basketball player (d. 2011)
1977 – Derrick Wayne Frazier, American convicted murderer (d. 2006)
1978 – Lauren Laverne, English disc jockey, author, singer, and television presenter
1979 – Scott Fujita, American football player
1979 – Bahram Radan, Iranian actor
1980 – Josh Howard, American basketball player
1980 – Karolina Goceva, Macedonian singer
1981 – Jessica Alba, American actress
1981 – Pietro Travagli, Italian rugby player
1981 – Alex Riley, American wrestler
1982 – Nikki Grahame, English model and columnist
1982 – Chris Kaman, American basketball player
1982 – Harry Shum, Jr., American dancer and actor
1983 – Roger Johnson, English footballer
1984 – Dmitri Torbinski, Russian footballer
1986 – David Krejci, Czech ice hockey player
1986 – Jennifer Palm Lundberg, Swedish model, Miss World Sweden 2008
1986 – George Nozuka, Canadian singer and dancer
1986 – Roman Polák, Czech ice hockey player
1986 – Jenna Ushkowitz, Korean-American actress, singer, and dancer
1987 – Ryan Conroy, Scottish footballer
1987 – Bradley Johnson, English footballer
1987 – Zoran Tošic, Serbian footballer
1988 – Juan Manuel Mata, Spanish footballer
1988 – Jonathan Biabiany, French footballer
1989 – Emil Salomonsson, Swedish footballer
1990 – Mario Meraz, Mexican boxer
1990 – Niels-Peter Mørck, Danish footballer
1991 – Jordan Robinson, English footballer
1992 – Jack Taylor, American actor

Deaths

1192 – Conrad of Montferrat
1489 – Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, English politician
1533 – Nicholas West, English bishop and diplomat (b. 1461)
1643 – Francisco de Lucena, Portuguese Secretary of State (b. 1578?)
1695 – Henry Vaughan, Welsh poet (b. 1621)
1710 – Thomas Betterton, English actor
1716 – Louis de Montfort, French priest (b. 1673)
1726 – Thomas Pitt, English merchant (b. 1653)
1741 – Magnus Julius De la Gardie, Swedish general and statesman (b. 1668)
1772 – Johann Friedrich Struensee, German physician of Christian VII of Denmark (b. 1737)
1781 – Cornelius Harnett, American merchant, farmer, and statesman, delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1723)
1813 – Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, Russian field marshal (b. 1745)
1816 – Johann Heinrich Abicht, German philosopher (b. 1862)
1841 – Peter Chanel, French saint (b. 1803)
1853 – Ludwig Tieck, German writer (b. 1773)
1858 – Johannes Peter Müller, German physiologist (b. 1801)
1865 – Samuel Cunard, Canadian-English shipping magnate (b. 1787)
1881 – Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon, French sculptor and photographer (b. 1818)
1883 – John Russell, English parson, hunter and dog breeder (b. 1795)
1902 – Cyprien Tanguay, French-Canadian priest and historian (b. 1819)
1905 – Fitzhugh Lee, American Confederate general (b. 1835)
1936 – Fuad I of Egypt (b. 1868)
1944 – Frank Knox, American Secretary of the Navy (b. 1874)
1944 – Mohammed Alim Khan, the last Emir of the Emirate of Bukhara (b. 1880)
1945 – Benito Mussolini, Italian dictator (b. 1883)
1945 – Clara Petacci, Italian mistress of Benito Mussolini (b. 1912)
1945 – Roberto Farinacci, Italian politician (b. 1892)
1946 – Louis Bachelier, French mathematician (b. 1870)
1949 – Aurora Quezon, Filipino first lady, 2nd First Lady of the Philippines (b. 1888)
1954 – Léon Jouhaux, French labor leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1879)
1957 – Heinrich Bär, German pilot (b. 1913)
1964 – Rolf de Maré, Swedish art collector (b. 1888)
1970 – Ed Begley, American actor (b. 1901)
1973 – Clas Thunberg, Finnish speed skater (b. 1893)
1975 – Tom Donahue, American disk jockey (b. 1928)
1978 – Mohammed Daoud Khan, Afghan politician, 1st President of Afghanistan (b. 1909)
1980 – Tommy Caldwell, American musician (The Marshall Tucker Band) (b. 1949)
1981 – Steve Currie, English musician (T. Rex) (b. 1947)
1987 – Ben Linder, American engineer (b. 1959)
1988 – B. W. Stevenson, American singer-songwriter (b. 1949)
1991 – Steve Broidy, American executive (b. 1905)
1991 – Ken Curtis, American actor and singer (The Sons of the Pioneers) (b. 1916)
1992 – Francis Bacon, Anglo-Irish painter (b. 1909)
1992 – Iceberg Slim, American writer (b. 1918)
1993 – Jim Valvano, American basketball coach (b. 1946)
1994 – Berton Roueché, American writer (b. 1910)
1998 – Ramakant Desai, Indian cricketer (b. 1939)
1998 – Jerome Bixby, American writer (b. 1923)
1999 – Rory Calhoun, American actor (b. 1922)
1999 – Arthur Leonard Schawlow, American physicist, Nobel laureate (b. 1921)
1999 – Sir Alf Ramsey, English football manager (b. 1920)
2000 – Penelope Fitzgerald, English writer (b. 1916)
2000 – Jerzy Einhorn, Polish-Swedish doctor, researcher, and politician (b. 1925)
2002 – Alexander Lebed, Russian general (b. 1950)
2002 – Lou Thesz, American wrestler (b. 1916)
2005 – Chris Candido, American wrestler (b. 1972)
2005 – Percy Heath, American jazz bassist (Modern Jazz Quartet) (b. 1923)
2005 – Taraki Sivaram, Tamil journalist (b. 1959)
2007 – Dabbs Greer, American actor (b. 1917)
2007 – René Mailhot, Canadian journalist (b. 1942)
2007 – Tommy Newsom, American saxophone player and bandleader (b. 1929)
2007 – Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, German physicist and philosopher (b. 1912)
2007 – Bertha Wilson, Canadian jurist, first woman Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada (b. 1923)
2009 – Valeria Peter Predescu, Romanian singer (b. 1947)
2009 – Ekaterina Maximova, Russian ballerina (b. 1939)
2009 – Richard Pratt, Australian businessman (b.1934)
2011 – Erhard Loretan, Swiss mountaineer (b. 1959)
2012 – Fred Allen, New Zealand rugby union footballer and coach (b. 1920)