Alice B. Toklas (April 30, 1877 – March 7, 1967) was an American-born member of the Parisian avant-garde of the early 20th century.
She was born Alice Babette Toklas in San Francisco, California into a middle-class Jewish family and attended schools in both San Francisco and Seattle. For a short time she also studied music at the University of Washington. She met Gertrude Stein in Paris on September 8, 1907, the day she arrived. Together they hosted a salon that attracted expatriate American writers, such as Ernest Hemingway, Paul Bowles, Thornton Wilder and Sherwood Anderson, and avant-garde painters, including Picasso, Matisse, and Braque.
Events
- 311 – The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends.
- 313 – Battle of Tzirallum: Emperor Licinius defeats Maximinus II and unifies the Eastern Roman Empire.
- 1315 – Enguerrand de Marigny is hanged on the public gallows at Montfaucon.
- 1492 – Spain gives Christopher Columbus his commission of exploration.
- 1513 – Edmund de la Pole, Yorkist pretender to the English throne, is executed on the orders of Henry VIII.
- 1557 – Mapuche leader Lautaro is killed by Spanish forces at the Battle of Mataquito in Chile.
- 1671 – Petar Zrinski, the Croatian Ban from the Zrinski family, is executed.
- 1789 – On the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York City, George Washington takes the oath of office to become the first elected President of the United States.
- 1803 – Louisiana Purchase: The United States purchases the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, more than doubling the size of the young nation.
- 1812 – The Territory of Orleans becomes the 18th U.S. state under the name Louisiana.
- 1838 – Nicaragua declares independence from the Central American Federation.
- 1863 – A 65-man French Foreign Legion infantry patrol fought a force of nearly 2,000 Mexican soldiers to nearly the last man in Hacienda Camarón, Mexico.
- 1871 – The Camp Grant Massacre takes place in Arizona Territory.
- 1894 – Coxey's Army reaches Washington, D.C. to protest the unemployment caused by the Panic of 1893.
- 1900 – Hawaii becomes a territory of the United States, with Sanford B. Dole as governor.
- 1900 – Casey Jones dies in a train wreck in Vaughn, Mississippi, while trying to make up time on the Cannonball Express.
- 1904 – The Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's Fair opens in St. Louis, Missouri.
- 1907 – Honolulu, Hawaii becomes an independent city.
- 1920 – Peru becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
- 1925 – Automaker Dodge Brothers, Inc is sold to Dillon, Read & Company for $146 million plus $50 million for charity.
- 1927 – The Federal Industrial Institute for Women opens in Alderson, West Virginia, as the first women's federal prison in the United States.
- 1927 – Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford become the first celebrities to leave their footprints in concrete at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood.
- 1937 – The Philippines holds a plebiscite for Filipino women on whether they should be extended the right to suffrage; over 90% would vote in the affirmative.
- 1938 – The animated cartoon short Porky's Hare Hunt debuts in movie theaters, introducing Happy Rabbit (a prototype of Bugs Bunny).
- 1938 – The first televised FA Cup Final takes place between Huddersfield Town and Preston North End.
- 1939 – The 1939-40 New York World's Fair opens.
- 1939 – NBC inaugurates its regularly scheduled television service in New York City, broadcasting President Franklin D. Roosevelt's N.Y. World's Fair opening day ceremonial address.
- 1943 – World War II: Operation Mincemeat: The submarine HMS Seraph surfaces in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Spain to deposit a dead man planted with false invasion plans and dressed as a British military intelligence officer.
- 1945 – World War II: Führerbunker: Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun commit suicide after being married for one day. Soviet soldiers raise the Victory Banner over the Reichstag building.
- 1947 – In Nevada, the Boulder Dam is renamed Hoover Dam a second time.
- 1948 – In Bogotá, Colombia, the Organization of American States is established.
- 1953 – In Warner Robins, Georgia, an F4 tornado kills 18 people.
- 1956 – Former Vice President and Senator Alben Barkley dies during a speech in Virginia. He collapses after proclaiming "I would rather be a servant in the house of the lord than sit in the seats of the mighty."
- 1961 – K-19, the first Soviet nuclear submarine equipped with nuclear missiles, is commissioned.
- 1963 – The Bristol Bus Boycott is held in Bristol to protest the Bristol Omnibus Company's refusal to employ Black or Asian bus crews, drawing national attention to racial discrimination in the United Kingdom.
- 1966 – The Church of Satan is established at the Black House in San Francisco, California.
- 1967 – The Aldene Connection opened in Roselle Park, NJ, shutting down the CNJ's Jersey City waterfront terminal and transferring commuters to Newark Penn Station.
- 1973 – Watergate Scandal: U.S. President Richard Nixon announces that top White House aides H.R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman and others have resigned.
- 1975 – Fall of Saigon: Communist forces gain control of Saigon. The Vietnam War formally ends with the unconditional surrender of South Vietnamese president Duong Van Minh.
- 1980 – Accession of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.
- 1982 – Bijon Setu massacre
- 1988 – Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II officially opens World Expo '88 in Brisbane, Australia.
- 1993 – CERN announces World Wide Web protocols will be free.
- 1993 – Virgin Radio broadcasts for the first time in the United Kingdom.
- 1993 – Monica Seles is stabbed by Günter Parche, an obsessed fan, during a quarterfinal match of the 1993 Citizen Cup in Hamburg, Germany
- 1995 – U.S. President Bill Clinton became the first President to visit Northern Ireland.
- 1999 – Cambodia joins the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) bringing the number of members to 10.
- 2004 – U.S. media release graphic photos of American soldiers abusing and sexually humiliating Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison.
- 2008 – Two skeletal remains found near Ekaterinburg, Russia are confirmed by Russian scientists to be the remains of Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia and one of his sisters.
- 2009 – Chrysler automobile company files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
- 2009 – Seven people are killed and 17 injured at a Queen's Day parade in Apeldoorn, Netherlands.
- 2009 – Terror act in Azerbaijan state oil academy: 13 student died.
Births
- 1245 – Philip III of France (d. 1285)
- 1331 – Gaston III, Count of Foix (d. 1391)
- 1553 – Louise of Lorraine (d. 1601)
- 1623 – François de Laval, French bishop (d. 1708)
- 1651 – Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, French educational reformer and Catholic saint (d. 1719)
- 1662 – Mary II of England (d. 1694)
- 1664 – François Louis, Prince of Conti, French general (d. 1709)
- 1710 – Johann Kaspar Basselet von La Rosée, Bavarian general (d. 1795)
- 1723 – Mathurin Jacques Brisson, French naturalist (d. 1806)
- 1770 – David Thompson, Canadian explorer (d. 1857)
- 1777 – Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician (d. 1855)
- 1803 – Albrecht von Roon, Prussian soldier and statesman, 10th Prime Minister of Prussia (d. 1879)
- 1812 – Kaspar Hauser, German mystery boy (d. 1833)
- 1829 – Ferdinand von Hochstetter, Austrian geologist (d. 1884)
- 1857 – Eugen Bleuler, Swiss psychiatrist (d. 1940)
- 1864 – Juhan Liiv, Estonian poet (d. 1913)
- 1865 – Max Nettlau, German anarchist and historian (d. 1944)
- 1869 – Hans Poelzig, German architect, painter, and set designer (d. 1936)
- 1870 – Franz Lehár, Austrian composer (d. 1948)
- 1874 – Cyriel Verschaeve, Flemish clergyman (d. 1949)
- 1876 – Orso Mario Corbino, Italian physicist (d. 1937)
- 1877 – Alice B. Toklas, American businesswoman (d. 1967)
- 1883 – Jaroslav Hašek, Czech novelist (d. 1923)
- 1893 – Joachim von Ribbentrop, German Nazi foreign minister (d. 1946)
- 1895 – Philippe Panneton, French Canadian physician, diplomat, and writer (d. 1960)
- 1896 – Hans List, Austrian inventor and entrepreneur (d. 1996)
- 1896 – Reverend Gary Davis, American singer and guitarist (d. 1972)
- 1897 – Humberto Mauro, Brazilian director and screenwriter (d. 1983)
- 1900 – David Manners, Canadian-American actor (d. 1998)
- 1901 – Simon Kuznets, Ukrainian economist, Nobel laureate (d. 1985)
- 1902 – Theodore Schultz, American economist, Nobel laureate (d. 1998)
- 1905 – Sergey Nikolsky, Russian mathematician
- 1908 – Eve Arden, American actress (d. 1990)
- 1908 – Bjarni Benediktsson, Icelandic politician, Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1970)
- 1908 – Frank Robert Miller, Canadian airman and politician (d. 1997)
- 1909 – Juliana of the Netherlands (d. 2004)
- 1909 – F. E. McWilliam, Irish sculptor (d. 1992)
- 1910 – Srirangam Srinivasarao, Telugu poet and lyricist (d. 1983)
- 1914 – Dorival Caymmi, Brazilian singer-songwriter, actor, and painter (d. 2008)
- 1916 – Claude Shannon, American engineer and mathematician (d. 2001)
- 1916 – Robert Shaw, American conductor (d. 1999)
- 1920 – Duncan Hamilton, English racing driver (d. 1994)
- 1921 – Tove Maës, Danish actress (d. 2011)
- 1923 – Percy Heath, American jazz musician (Modern Jazz Quartet) (d. 2005)
- 1923 – Al Lewis, American actor (d. 2006)
- 1923 – Francis Tucker, South African race car driver (d. 2008)
- 1923 – Kagamisato Kiyoji, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 42nd Yokozuna (d. 2004)
- 1925 – Corinne Calvet, French actress (d. 2001)
- 1925 – Johnny Horton, American singer and musician (d. 1960)
- 1926 – Cloris Leachman, American actress
- 1928 – Hugh Hood, Canadian author (d. 2000)
- 1930 – Félix Guattari, French philosopher and theorist (d. 1992)
- 1933 – Dickie Davies, English television presenter
- 1933 – Willie Nelson, American singer-songwriter, musician, actor, and activist
- 1934 – Don McKenney, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1934 – Jerry Lordan, English singer-songwriter and composer (d. 1995)
- 1938 – Juraj Jakubisko, Slovak director
- 1938 – Gary Collins, American actor
- 1938 – Larry Niven, American author
- 1940 – Burt Young, American actor
- 1941 – Stavros Dimas, Greek politician
- 1941 – Johnny Farina, American musician and composer (Santo & Johnny)
- 1943 – Frederick Chiluba, Zambian politician, 2nd President of Zambia (d. 2011)
- 1943 – Bobby Vee, American singer
- 1944 – Jill Clayburgh, American actress (d. 2010)
- 1945 – Annie Dillard, American writer
- 1945 – Mimi Fariña, American singer-songwriter, musician, and activist (d. 2001)
- 1945 – Michael J. Smith, American astronaut (d. 1986)
- 1946 – Lee Bollinger, American lawyer and educator
- 1946 – Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
- 1946 – Don Schollander, American swimmer
- 1946 – Bill Plympton, American animator
- 1947 – Leslie Grantham, English actor
- 1947 – Finn Kalvik, Norwegian singer and composer
- 1947 – Tom Køhlert, Danish footballer
- 1947 – Manousos Manousakis, Greek director and producer
- 1947 – Mats Odell, Swedish politician
- 1948 – Perry King, American actor
- 1948 – Alexander Onassis, American Greek socialite, son of Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis (d. 1973)
- 1948 – Pierre Pagé, Canadian ice hockey coach and executive
- 1949 – Phil Garner, American baseball manager
- 1949 – António Guterres, Portuguese politician, Prime Minister of Portugal
- 1952 – Jacques Audiard, French director
- 1953 – Merrill Osmond, American actor and singer (The Osmonds)
- 1954 – Thom Bray, American actor
- 1954 – Jane Campion, New Zealand director
- 1954 – Frank-Michael Marczewski, German footballer
- 1955 – Nicolas Hulot, French journalist
- 1955 – Dimitra Liani, Greek air hostess, widow of Greek Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou
- 1956 – Lars von Trier, Danish director
- 1957 – Aviva Chomsky, American historian, daughter of Noam Chomsky
- 1958 – Charles Berling, French actor, director and screenwriter
- 1959 – Paul Gross, Canadian actor, director, and writer
- 1959 – Stephen Harper, Canadian politician, 22nd Prime Minister of Canada
- 1959 – W. Thomas Smith, Jr, American author and columnist
- 1960 – Kerry Healey, American politician
- 1960 – David Miscavige, American leader of the Church of Scientology
- 1961 – Isiah Thomas, American basketball player
- 1963 – Michael Waltrip, American race car driver
- 1963 – Stefan Kisyov, Bulgarian novelist
- 1964 – Tony Fernandes, Malaysian entrepreneur
- 1964 – Ian Healy, Australian cricketer
- 1964 – Kent James, American singer-songwriter, actor, and actvist
- 1964 – Barrington Levy, Jamaican singer and musician
- 1965 – Adrian Pasdar, American actor
- 1966 – Jeff Brown, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1966 – Dave Meggett, American football player
- 1967 – Steven Mackintosh, Englishactor
- 1969 – Paulo Jr., Brazilian musician (Sepultura)
- 1969 – Warren Defever, American musician and composer (His Name Is Alive)
- 1971 – John Boyne, Irish novelist
- 1971 – Darren Emerson, English DJ (Underworld)
- 1972 – JR Richards, American singer-songwriter, and musician (Dishwalla)
- 1973 – Jeff Timmons, American singer and producer (98 Degrees)
- 1973 – Kinna McInroe, American actress
- 1975 – Elliott Sadler, American race car driver
- 1975 – Michael Chaturantabut, Thai-American actor
- 1975 – Johnny Galecki, American actor
- 1976 – Amanda Palmer, American singer-songwriter, and musician (The Dresden Dolls and Evelyn Evelyn)
- 1977 – Jeannie Haddaway, American politician
- 1977 – Pell James, American actress
- 1978 – Tom Fulp, American video game programer
- 1979 – Gerardo Torrado, Mexican footballer
- 1980 – Jeroen Verhoeven, Dutch footballer
- 1980 – Luis Scola, Argentinean basketball player
- 1981 – John O'Shea, Irish footballer
- 1981 – Emma Pierson, English actress
- 1981 – Kunal Nayyar, Indian-English actor
- 1982 – Lloyd Banks, American rapper (G-Unit)
- 1982 – Kirsten Dunst, American actress
- 1982 – Cleo Higgins, English singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress (Cleopatra)
- 1982 – Drew Seeley, Canadian singer-songwriter, dancer, and actor
- 1983 – Tatjana Hüfner, German luger
- 1983 – Troy Williamson, American football player
- 1984 – Shawn Daivari, American wrestler and manager
- 1984 – Lee Roache, English footballer
- 1985 – Ashley Alexandra Dupré, American call girl, columnist, and singer
- 1986 – Dianna Agron, American actress, singer, and dancer
- 1987 – Alipate Carlile, Australian rules footballer
- 1987 – Rohit Sharma, Indian cricketer
- 1987 – Nikki Webster, Australian singer
- 1989 – Jang Wooyoung, South Korean singer (2PM)
- 1992 – Marc-André ter Stegen, German footballer
- 2002 – Miguel Urdangarín y de Borbón
Deaths
- 65 – Lucan, Roman poet (b. 39)
- 1030 – Mahmud of Ghazni, Indian ruler of the Ghaznavid Dynasty (b. 971)
- 1063 – Emperor Renzong of Song (b. 1010)
- 1131 – Adjutor, Roman Catholic Saint
- 1341 – John III, Duke of Brittany (b. 1285)
- 1439 – Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, English military leader (b. 1382)
- 1513 – Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk (b. 1471 or 1472)
- 1524 – Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard, French soldier (b. 1473)
- 1544 – Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, Lord Chancellor of England
- 1550 – Tabinshwehti, King of Burma (b. 1516)
- 1632 – King Sigismund I of Sweden (b. 1561)
- 1632 – Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly, Bavarian general (b. 1559)
- 1642 – Dmitry Pozharsky, Russian prince (b. 1578)
- 1660 – Petrus Scriverius, Dutch writer (b. 1576)
- 1655 – Eustache Le Sueur, French painter (b. 1617)
- 1672 – Marie de l'Incarnation, Roman catholic nun, founder of the Ursulines of Quebec (b. 1599)
- 1696 – Robert Plot, Englishnaturalist (b. 1640)
- 1712 – Philipp van Limborch, Dutch theologian (b. 1633)
- 1736 – Johann Albert Fabricius, German scholar and bibliographer (b. 1668)
- 1758 – François d'Agincourt, French composer (b. 1684)
- 1792 – John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, English statesman (b. 1718)
- 1795 – Jean-Jacques Barthélemy, French writer and numismatist (b. 1716)
- 1806 – Onogawa Kisaburo, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 5th Yokozuna (b. 1758)
- 1841 – Peter Andreas Heiberg, Danish author and philologist (b. 1758)
- 1847 – Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, Austrian general (b. 1771)
- 1863 – Jean Danjou, French foreign legion captain (b. 1828)
- 1865 – Robert FitzRoy, English admiral and meteorologist (b. 1805)
- 1870 – Thomas Cooke, Canadian bishop (b. 1792)
- 1875 – Jean Frederic Waldeck, French explorer, lithographer, and cartographer (b. 1766)
- 1879 – Emma Hale Smith Bidamon, American religious leader, wife of Joseph Smith (b.1804)
- 1883 – Édouard Manet, French painter (b. 1832)
- 1900 – Casey Jones, American train engineer (b. 1863)
- 1903 – Emily Stowe, Canadian physician and suffragist (b. 1831)
- 1936 – Alfred Edward Housman, English poet (b. 1859)
- 1943 – Otto Jespersen, Danish philologist (b. 1860)
- 1943 – Beatrice Webb, English economist (b. 1858)
- 1945 – Eva Braun, German photographer and office and lab assistant, wife of Adolf Hitler (b. 1912)
- 1945 – Adolf Hitler, Austrian-German politician and author, dictator of Nazi Germany (b. 1889)
- 1956 – Alben W. Barkley, American politician, 35th Vice President of the United States (b. 1877)
- 1966 – Richard Farina, American author and singer (b. 1937)
- 1970 – Inger Stevens, Swedish actress (b. 1934)
- 1972 – Gia Scala, English-American actress (b. 1934)
- 1973 – Václav Renc, Czech poet, dramatist, and translator (b. 1911)
- 1974 – Agnes Moorehead, American actress (b. 1900)
- 1980 – Alfred Hitchcock, English film director and producer (b. 1899)
- 1980 – Luis Muñoz Marín, Puerto Rican poet, journalist, and politician (b. 1898)
- 1982 – Lester Bangs, American journalist and author (b. 1949)
- 1983 – George Balanchine, Russian dancer and choreographer (b. 1904)
- 1983 – Muddy Waters, American singer-songwriter, musician, and bandleader (b. 1913)
- 1989 – Bangja, Crown Princess Euimin of Korea (b. 1901)
- 1989 – Sergio Leone, Italian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1929)
- 1993 – Tommy Caton, English footballer (b. 1962)
- 1994 – Roland Ratzenberger, Austrian race car driver (b. 1960)
- 1995 – Maung Maung Kha, Myanma politician, 8th Prime Minister of Myanmar (b. 1920)
- 1996 – David Opatoshu, American actor (b. 1918)
- 1998 – Nizar Qabbani, Syrian poet (b. 1926)
- 1999 – Darrell Sweet, English musician (Nazareth) (b. 1947)
- 2000 – Poul Hartling, Danish diplomat and politician (b. 1914)
- 2002 – Charlotte von Mahlsdorf, German founder of the Gründerzeit Museum (b. 1928)
- 2002 – Nitsa Tsaganea, Greek actress (b. 1899)
- 2003 – Peter 'Possum' Bourne, New Zealand race car driver (b. 1956)
- 2003 – Wim van Est, Dutch cyclist (b. 1923)
- 2003 – Mark Berger, American economist and educator (b. 1955)
- 2005 – Ron Todd, English TGWU general secretary (b. 1927)
- 2006 – Lawrence Patrick, American bio-mechanics professor (b. 1920)
- 2006 – Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesian novelist (b. 1925)
- 2006 – Beatriz Sheridan, Mexican actress and director (b. 1934)
- 2007 – Grégory Lemarchal, French singer (b. 1983)
- 2007 – Kevin Mitchell, American football player (b. 1971)
- 2007 – Tom Poston, American actor (b. 1921)
- 2007 – Gordon Scott, American actor (b. 1927)
- 2007 – Zola Taylor, American singer (The Platters) (b. 1938)
- 2008 – John Cargher, Australian radio broadcaster (b. 1919)
- 2009 – Venetia Burney, English girl who named Pluto (b. 1918)
- 2009 – Henk Nijdam, Dutch road bicycle rider (b. 1935)
- 2010 – Gerry Ryan, Irish radio broadcaster (b. 1956)
- 2011 – Dorjee Khandu, Indian Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh (b. 1955)
- 2011 – Ernesto Sabato, Argentine writer (b. 1911)
Holidays and observances
- Armed Forces Day (Georgia)
- Birthday of the King Carl XVI Gustav, one of the official flag days of Sweden.
- Last day of classes at universities in India
- Camarón Day (French Foreign Legion)
- Children's Day (Mexico)
- Christian Feast Day:
- Consumer Protection Day (Thailand)
- Earliest day on which Ascension Day can fall, while June 3 is the latest; celebrated 40 days after Easter (Christianity), and its related observances
- International Jazz Day, organized by UNESCO, first observed in 2012, "is intended to raise awareness in the international community of the virtues of jazz as an educational tool, and a force for peace, unity, dialogue and enhanced cooperation among people."
- May Eve, the eve of the first day of summer (see May 1):
