today.nukz.net: Almanac July 2 :: Thurgood Marshall

Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice.

Before becoming a judge, Marshall was a lawyer who was best known for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education. He argued more cases before the United States Supreme Court than anyone else in history. He served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit after being appointed by President John F. Kennedy and then served as the Solicitor General after being appointed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965. President Johnson nominated him to the United States Supreme Court in 1967.

Events

437 – Emperor Valentinian III, begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome.
626 – Li Shimin, the future Emperor Taizong of Tang, Emperor of China, ambushes and kills his rival brothers Li Yuanji and Li Jiancheng in the Xuanwu Gate Incident.
706 – In China, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang inters the bodies of relatives in the Qianling Mausoleum, located on Mount Liang outside Chang'an.
963 – The imperial army proclaims Nicephorus Phocas Emperor of the Romans on the plains outside Cappadocian Caesarea.
1298 – The Battle of Göllheim is fought between Albert I of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg.
1494 – The Treaty of Tordesillas is ratified by Spain.
1555 – The Ottoman Admiral Turgut Reis sacks the Italian city of Paola.
1561 – Menas, Emperor of Ethiopia, defeats a revolt in Emfraz.
1582 – Battle of Yamazaki: Toyotomi Hideyoshi defeats Akechi Mitsuhide.
1613 – The first English expedition from Massachusetts against Acadia led by Samuel Argall takes place.
1644 – English Civil War: Battle of Marston Moor.
1679 – Europeans first visit Minnesota and see headwaters of Mississippi in an expedition led by Daniel Greysolon de Du Luth.
1698 – Thomas Savery patents the first steam engine.
1776 – The Continental Congress adopts a resolution severing ties with the Kingdom of Great Britain although the wording of the formal Declaration of Independence is not approved until July 4.
1777 – Vermont becomes the first American territory to abolish slavery.
1823 – Bahia Independence Day: the end of Portuguese rule in Brazil, with the final defeat of the Portuguese crown loyalists in the province of Bahia.
1839 – Twenty miles off the coast of Cuba, 53 rebelling African slaves led by Joseph Cinqué take over the slave ship Amistad.
1853 – The Russian Army crossed the Pruth river into the Danubian Principalities, Moldavia and Wallachia—providing the spark that set off the Crimean War.
1871 – Victor Emmanuel II of Italy enters Rome after having conquered it from the Papal States.
1881 – Charles J. Guiteau shoots and fatally wounds U.S. President James Garfield, who eventually dies from an infection on September 19.
1890 – The U.S. Congress passes the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
1897 – Italian scientist Guglielmo Marconi obtains a patent for radio in London.
1900 – The first Zeppelin flight takes place on Lake Constance near Friedrichshafen, Germany.
1917 – The East St. Louis Riots end.
1934 – The Night of the Long Knives ends with the death of Ernst Röhm.
1937 – Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan are last heard from over the Pacific Ocean while attempting to make the first equatorial round-the-world flight.
1940 – Indian independence leader Subhas Chandra Bose is arrested and detained in Calcutta.
1950 – The Golden Pavilion at Kinkaku-ji in Kyoto, Japan burns down.
1962 – The first Wal-Mart store opens for business in Rogers, Arkansas.
1964 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 meant to prohibit segregation in public places.
1966 – The French military explodes a nuclear test bomb codenamed Aldébaran in Mururoa, their first nuclear test in the Pacific.
1976 – Fall of the Republic of Vietnam; Communist North Vietnam declares their union to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
1986 – Rodrigo Rojas and Carmen Gloria Quintana were burnt alive during a street demonstration against the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet in Chile.
1993 – 37 participants in an Alevi cultural and literary festival are killed when a mob of demonstrators set fire to their hotel in Sivas during a violent protest.
2000 – Vicente Fox Quesada is elected the first President of México from an opposition party, the Partido Acción Nacional, after more than 70 years of continuous rule by the Partido Revolucionario Institucional.
2001 – The AbioCor self contained artificial heart is first implanted.
2002 – Steve Fossett becomes the first person to fly solo around the world nonstop in a balloon.
2010 – The South Kivu tank truck explosion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo kills at least 230 people.

Births

419 – Valentinian III, Roman Emperor (d. 455)
1262 – Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1312)
1363 – Maria, Queen of Sicily and Duchess of Athens (d. 1401)
1489 – Thomas Cranmer, English Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1556)
1492 – Elizabeth Tudor, English daughter of Henry VII of England (d. 1495)
1647 – Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, English statesman (d. 1730)
1665 – Samuel Penhallow, English-American historian (d. 1726)
1667 – Pietro Ottoboni, Italian cardinal (d. 1740)
1698 – Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena (d. 1780)
1714 – Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer (d. 1787)
1724 – Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, German poet (d. 1803)
1819 – Charles-Louis Hanon, French composer (d. 1900)
1820 – George Law Curry, American publisher and politician, and 5th and 7th Governor of the Oregon Territory (d. 1878)
1821 – Charles Tupper, Canadian politician, 6th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1915)
1849 – Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (d. 1919)
1862 – William Henry Bragg, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942)
1865 – Lily Braun, German writer (d. 1916)
1876 – Wilhelm Cuno, German politician, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1933)
1877 – Hermann Hesse, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)
1881 – Royal H. Weller, American politician (d. 1929)
1884 – Alfons Maria Jakob, German neurologist (d. 1931)
1893 – Ralph Hancock, Welsh gardener and author (d. 1950)
1896 – Lydia Mei, Estonian painter (d. 1965)
1900 – Tyrone Guthrie, English actor (d. 1971)
1903 – Alec Douglas-Home, English politician, 66th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)
1903 – Olav V of Norway (d. 1991)
1904 – René Lacoste, French tennis player and businessman, created the polo shirt (d. 1996)
1906 – Hans Bethe, German-born nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)
1906 – Christos Tsaganeas, Greek actor (d. 1976)
1908 – Thurgood Marshall, American jurist (d. 1993)
1914 – Frederick Fennell, American conductor (d. 2004)
1914 – Mário Schenberg, Brazilian physicist (d. 1990)
1915 – Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington
1916 – Ken Curtis, American actor and singer (d. 1991)
1916 – Hans-Ulrich Rudel, German pilot (d. 1982)
1917 – Murry Wilson, American musician, songwriter, producer, and manager (d. 1973)
1918 – Wim Boost, Dutch cartoonist (d. 2005)
1919 – Jean Craighead George, American author (d. 2012)
1923 – Wislawa Szymborska, Polish poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)
1925 – Medgar Evers, American civil rights activist (d. 1963)
1925 – Patrice Lumumba, Congolese independence leader and politician, 1st Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (d. 1961)
1926 – Octavian Paler, Romanian writer and journalist (d. 2007)
1927 – Brock Peters, American actor (d. 2005)
1929 – John A. Cade, American politician (d. 1996)
1929 – Imelda Marcos, Filipino politician, wife of Ferdinand Marcos
1930 – Ahmad Jamal, American pianist, composer, and educator
1930 – Carlos Menem, Argentine politician, 50th President of Argentina
1932 – Dave Thomas, American businessman and philanthropist, founder of Wendy's (d. 2002)
1933 – Kenny Wharram, Canadian ice hockey player
1934 – Tom Springfield, English singer-songwriter and producer (The Springfields)
1937 – Polly Holliday, American actress
1937 – Richard Petty, American race car driver
1939 – Alexandros Panagoulis, Greek politician and poet
1939 – John H. Sununu, American politician, 14th White House Chief of Staff
1939 – Paul Williams, American singer and choreographer (The Temptations) (d. 1973)
1940 – Kenneth Clarke, English politician
1941 – Stéphane Venne, Canadian songwriter and composer
1942 – Vicente Fox, Mexican politician, 35th President of Mexico
1943 – Walter Godefroot, Belgian cyclist
1946 – Richard Axel, American neuroscientist, Nobel Prize laureate
1946 – Ron Silver, American actor (d. 2009)
1947 – Larry David, American actor, writer, and producer
1948 – Gene McFadden, American singer-songwriter and producer (McFadden & Whitehead) (d. 2006)
1948 – Saul Rubinek, Canadian actor
1949 – Roy Bittan, American keyboardist and songwriter (E Street Band)
1949 – Greg Brown, American singer-songwriter and musician
1949 – Robert Paquette, Canadian singer-songwriter
1949 – Hanno Pöschl, Austrian actor
1951 – Elisabeth Brooks, Canadian actress (d. 1997)
1951 – Michele Santoro, Italian journalist
1952 – Johnny Colla, American musician (Huey Lewis and the News)
1953 – Tony Armas, Venezuelan baseball player
1953 – Mark Hart, American singer, musician, and producer (Crowded House and Supertramp)
1954 – Pete Briquette, Irish bassist, songwriter, producer, and composer (The Boomtown Rats)
1955 – Andrew Divoff, Venezuelan actor
1955 – Kevin Michael Grace, Canadian journalist
1956 – Jerry Hall, American model and actress
1957 – Bret Hart, Canadian wrestler
1957 – Purvis Short, American basketball player
1958 – Thomas Bickerton, American bishop
1958 – Dang Thai Son, Vietnamese pianist
1959 – Mike Hallett, English snooker player
1960 – Terry Rossio, American screenwriter and producer
1961 – Michael Lindsay, American voice actor
1961 – Samy Naceri, French actor
1963 – Mark Kermode, English critic
1964 – José Canseco, Cuban-American baseball player
1964 – Ozzie Canseco, Cuban-American baseball player
1964 – Joe Magrane, American baseball player
1964 – Hisakatsu Oya, Japanese wrestler
1964 – Charles Robinson, American wrestling referee
1964 – Alan Tait, Scotland rugby player
1964 – Andrea Yates, American murderer
1965 – Norbert Röttgen, German politician
1969 – Matthew Cox, American convicted felon
1969 – Tim Rodber, England rugby player
1970 – Yancy Butler, American actress
1970 – Colin Edwin, Australian musician (Porcupine Tree)
1970 – Scott Garland, American wrestler
1970 – Monie Love, English rapper
1970 – Steve Morrow, Irish footballer
1971 – Troy Brown, American football player
1971 – Evelyn Lau, Canadian poet and novelist
1971 – Bryan Redpath, Scottish rugby player
1972 – Darren Shan, Irish author
1973 – Peter Kay, English comedian, actor, writer, and director
1974 – Sean Casey, American baseball player
1974 – Tim Christensen, Danish singer-songwriter and musician (Dizzy Mizz Lizzy)
1974 – Rocky Gray, American singer-songwriter and musician (Evanescence, We Are the Fallen, Living Sacrifice, Soul Embraced, and Mourningside)
1974 – Matthew Reilly, Australian author
1974 – Moon So-ri, South Korean actress
1975 – Éric Dazé, Canadian ice hockey player
1975 – Erik Ohlsson, Swedish singer and guitarist (Millencolin)
1975 – Stefan Terblanche, South African rugby player
1976 – Krisztián Lisztes, Hungarian footballer
1976 – Tomáš Vokoun, Czech ice hockey player
1978 – Julie Night, American porn actress
1978 – Jüri Ratas, Estonian politician
1978 – Owain Yeoman, Welsh actor
1979 – Ahmed al-Ghamdi, Saudi Arabian terrorist, hijacker of United Airlines Flight 175 (d. 2001)
1979 – Diana Gurtskaya, Georgian singer-songwriter
1979 – Sam Hornish, Jr., American race car driver
1979 – Joe Thornton, Canadian ice hockey player
1980 – Nicole Briscoe, American sportscaster and model, Miss Illinois Teen USA 1998
1980 – Nyjer Morgan, American baseball player
1981 – Nathan Ellington, English footballer
1981 – Alex Koroknay-Palicz, American activist
1981 – Angel Pagán, Puerto Rican baseball player
1981 – Carlos Rogers, American football player
1981 – Aaron Voros, Canadian ice hockey player
1983 – Michelle Branch, American singer-songwriter, musician, and actress (The Wreckers)
1983 – Sammy J, Australian comedian and writer
1984 – Vanessa Lee Chester, American actress
1984 – Thomas Kortegaard, Danish footballer
1984 – Johnny Weir, American figure skater
1985 – Rhett Bomar, American football player
1985 – Corey Bringas, American actor
1985 – Chad Henne, American football player
1985 – Ashley Tisdale, American actress and singer
1985 – Jurgen Roelandts, Belgian cyclist
1986 – Brett Cecil, American baseball player
1986 – Lindsay Lohan, American actress and singer
1987 – Esteban Granero, Spanish footballer
1987 – Ruslana Korshunova, Kazakh model (d. 2008)
1988 – Porta, Spanish rapper
1988 – Lee Chung-Yong, South Korean footballer
1989 – Dev, American singer-songwriter
1989 – Ivan Dobronravov, Russian actor
1989 – Alex Morgan, American soccer player
1989 – Omero Mumba, Irish actor and singer
1990 – Roman Lob, German singer-songwriter
1990 – Margot Robbie, Australian actress
1990 – Danny Rose, English footballer
1992 – Madison Chock, American ice dancer
1996 – James Forde, English actor
2004 – Caitlin Carmichael, American actress

Deaths

862 – Swithun, English Bishop of Winchester and saint (b. 789)
1298 – Adolf, King of Germany (b. 1220)
1504 – Stephen III of Moldavia (b. 1434)
1566 – Nostradamus, French astrologer and writer (b. 1503)
1582 – Akechi Mitsuhide, Japanese samurai (b. 1528)
1591 – Vincenzo Galilei, Italian composer (b. 1520)
1621 – Thomas Harriot, English astronomer (b. 1560)
1656 – François-Marie, comte de Broglie, Italian-French commander (b. 1611)
1674 – Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1614)
1743 – Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, English politician, 2nd Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1673)
1746 – Thomas Baker, English antiquarian (b. 1656)
1778 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher (b. 1712)
1778 – Bathsheba Spooner, American murderer (b. 1746)
1822 – Denmark Vesey, American freed slave who planned a revolt (b. 1767)
1833 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Argentine politician (b. 1757)
1843 – Samuel Hahnemann, German physician (b. 1755)
1850 – Robert Peel, English politician, 28th and 30th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1788)
1857 – Carlo Pisacane, Italian patriot and philosopher (b. 1818)
1903 – Ed Delahanty, American baseball player (b. 1867)
1912 – Tom Richardson, English cricketer (b. 1870)
1914 – Joseph Chamberlain, English politician and businessman (b. 1836)
1915 – Porfirio Díaz, Mexican general and politician, President of Mexico (b. 1830)
1920 – William Louis Marshall, American general and engineer (b. 1846)
1926 – Émile Coué, French psychologist (b. 1857)
1929 – Gladys Brockwell, American actress (b. 1893)
1932 – Manuel II of Portugal (b. 1889)
1934 – Ernst Röhm, German Nazi official (b. 1887)
1955 – Edward Lawson, Scottish soldier, Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1873)
1961 – Ernest Hemingway, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899)
1964 – Fireball Roberts, American race car driver (b. 1929)
1966 – Jan Brzechwa, Polish poet (b. 1900)
1969 – Michael DiBiase, Italian-American wrestler (b. 1923)
1972 – Joseph Fielding Smith, American religious figure, 10th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1876)
1973 – Betty Grable, American actress (b. 1916)
1973 – Chick Hafey, American baseball player (b. 1903)
1973 – George McBride, American baseball player (b. 1880)
1973 – Ferdinand Schörner, German field marshal (b. 1892)
1975 – James Robertson Justice, English actor (b. 1907)
1977 – Vladimir Nabokov, Russian writer (b. 1899)
1978 – Aris Alexandrou, Greek novelist, poet, and translator (b. 1922)
1984 – Paul Dozois, Canadian politician (b. 1908)
1985 – David Purley, English race car driver (b. 1945)
1986 – Peanuts Lowrey, American baseball player (b. 1917)
1989 – Andrei Gromyko, Soviet politician (b. 1909)
1989 – Franklin Schaffner, American director (b. 1920)
1990 – Snooky Lanson, American singer (b. 1914)
1991 – Lee Remick, American actress (b. 1935)
1992 – Camarón de la Isla, Spanish singer (b. 1950)
1993 – Fred Gwynne, American actor (b. 1926)
1994 – Andrés Escobar, Colombian footballer (b. 1967)
1995 – Krissy Taylor, American model (b. 1978)
1997 – James Stewart, American actor (b. 1908)
1999 – Mario Puzo, American writer (b. 1920)
2000 – Joey Dunlop, Irish motorcycle racer (b. 1952)
2002 – Ray Brown, American bassist and composer (b. 1926)
2004 – Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Portuguese poet and writer (b. 1919)
2004 – John Cullen Murphy, American illustrator (b. 1919)
2004 – Mochtar Lubis, Indonesian journalist and novelist (b. 1922)
2005 – Ernest Lehman, American screenwriter, director, and producer (b. 1915)
2005 – Norm Prescott, American animation producer, co-founded Filmation Studios (b. 1927)
2006 – Jan Murray, American comedian and actor (b. 1916)
2007 – Beverly Sills, American soprano (b. 1929)
2008 – Natasha Shneider, Russian singer, musician, and actress (Eleven) (b. 1956)
2008 – Elizabeth Spriggs, English actress (b. 1929)
2010 – Beryl Bainbridge, English author (b. 1932)
2011 – Itamar Franco, Brazilian politician (b. 1930)
2012 – John E. Brooks, American priest (b. 1924)
2012 – Maurice Chevit, French actor (b. 1923)
2012 – Julian Goodman, American broadcaster (b. 1922)
2012 – Tsutomu Koyama, Japanese volleyball player (b. 1936)