Almanac October 22 :: Timothy Leary

Timothy Francis Leary (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American psychologist and writer, known for his advocacy of psychedelic drugs. During a time when drugs such as LSD and psilocybin were legal, Leary conducted experiments at Harvard University under the Harvard Psilocybin Project, resulting in the Concord Prison Experiment and the Marsh Chapel Experiment. Both studies produced useful data, but Leary and his associate Richard Alpert were fired from the university.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Leary was arrested regularly and was held captive in 29 different prisons throughout the world. President Richard Nixon once described Leary as "the most dangerous man in America".

Events

• 362 – The temple of Apollo at Daphne, outside Antioch, is destroyed in a mysterious fire.
• 794 – Emperor Kanmu relocates the Japanese capital to Heiankyo (now Kyoto).
• 1383 – The 1383-1385 Crisis in Portugal: King Fernando dies without a male heir to the Portuguese throne, sparking a period of civil war and disorder.
• 1575 – Foundation of Aguascalientes.
• 1633 – Battle of southern Fujian sea: The Ming dynasty defeats the Dutch East India Company.
• 1707 – Scilly naval disaster: four British Royal Navy ships run aground near the Isles of Scilly because of faulty navigation. Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell and thousands of sailors drown.
• 1730 – Construction of the Ladoga Canal is completed.
• 1746 – The College of New Jersey (later renamed Princeton University) receives its charter.
• 1777 – American Revolutionary War: American defenders of Fort Mercer on the Delaware River repulse repeated Hessian attacks in the Battle of Red Bank.
• 1784 – Russia founds a colony on Kodiak Island, Alaska.
• 1790 – Warriors of the Miami tribe under Chief Little Turtle defeat United States troops under General Josiah Harmar at the site of present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana, in the Northwest Indian War.
• 1797 – One thousand meters (3,200 feet) above Paris, André-Jacques Garnerin makes the first recorded parachute jump.
• 1836 – Sam Houston is inaugurated as the first President of the Republic of Texas.
• 1844 – The Great Anticipation: Millerites, followers of William Miller, anticipate the end of the world in conjunction with the Second Advent of Christ. The following day became known as the Great Disappointment.
• 1859 – Spain declares war on Morocco.
• 1866 – A plebiscite ratifies the annexion of Veneto and Mantua to Italy, occurred three days before, on October 19.
• 1875 – First telegraphic connection in Argentina.
• 1877 – The Blantyre mining disaster in Scotland kills 207 miners.
• 1878 – The first rugby match under floodlights takes place in Salford, between Broughton and Swinton.
• 1879 – Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric incandescent light bulb (it lasted 13½ hours before burning out).
• 1883 – The Metropolitan Opera House in New York City opens with a performance of Gounod's Faust.
• 1895 – In Paris an express train overruns a buffer stop and crosses more than 30 metres of concourse before plummeting through a window at Gare Montparnasse.
• 1907 – Panic of 1907: A run on the stock of the Knickerbocker Trust Company sets events in motion that will lead to a depression.
• 1910 – Dr. Crippen is convicted at the Old Bailey of poisoning his wife and is subsequently hanged at Pentonville Prison in London.
• 1924 – Toastmasters International is founded.
• 1926 – J. Gordon Whitehead sucker punches magician Harry Houdini in the stomach in Montreal, precipitating his death.
• 1927 – Nikola Tesla exposed his six (6) new inventions including motor with onephase electricity
• 1928 – Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity is founded at the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus.
• 1934 – In East Liverpool, Ohio, Federal Bureau of Investigation agents shoot and kill notorious bank robber Pretty Boy Floyd.
• 1941 – World War II: French resistance member Guy Môquet and 29 other hostages are executed by the Germans in retaliation for the death of a German officer.
• 1943 – World War II: in the Second firestorm raid on Germany, the Royal Air Force conducts an air raid on the town of Kassel, killing 10,000 and rendering 150,000 homeless.
• 1946 – Soviet Operation Osoaviakhim takes place.
• 1957 – Vietnam War: First United States casualties in Vietnam.
• 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis: US President John F. Kennedy, after internal counsel from Dwight D. Eisenhower, announces that American reconnaissance planes have discovered Soviet nuclear weapons in Cuba, and that he has ordered a naval "quarantine" of the Communist nation.
• 1963 – A BAC One-Eleven prototype airliner crashes in UK with the loss of all on board.
• 1964 – Jean-Paul Sartre is awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, but turns down the honor.
• 1964 – Canada: A Multi-Party Parliamentary Committee selects the design which becomes the new official Flag of Canada.
• 1966 – The Supremes become the first all-female music group to attain a No. 1 selling album (The Supremes A' Go-Go).
• 1966 – The Soviet Union launches Luna 12.
• 1968 – Apollo program: Apollo 7 safely splashes down in the Atlantic Ocean after orbiting the Earth 163 times.
• 1972 – Vietnam War: In Saigon, Henry Kissinger and South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu meet to discuss a proposed cease-fire that had been worked out between Americans and North Vietnamese in Paris.
• 1975 – The Soviet unmanned space mission Venera 9 lands on Venus.
• 1976 – Red Dye No. 4 is banned by the US Food and Drug Administration after it is discovered that it causes tumors in the bladders of dogs. The dye is still used in Canada.
• 1981 – The United States Federal Labor Relations Authority votes to decertify the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization for its strike the previous August.
• 1983 – Two correctional officers are killed by inmates at the United States Penitentiary in Marion, Illinois. The incident inspires the Supermax model of prisons.
• 1996 – First National Day of Protest Against Police Brutality held in New York City
• 1999 – Maurice Papon, an official in the Vichy France government during World War II, is jailed for crimes against humanity.
• 2005 – Tropical Storm Alpha forms in the Atlantic Basin, making the 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season the most active Atlantic hurricane season on record with 22 named storms.
• 2006 – A Panama Canal expansion proposal is approved by 77.8% of voters in a National referendum held in Panama.
• 2007 – Raid on Anuradhapura Air Force Base is carried out by 21 Tamil Tiger commandos. All except one died in this attack. Eight Sri Lankan Air Force planes are destroyed and 10 damaged.
• 2008 – India launches its first unmanned lunar mission Chandrayaan-1.

Births

• 1071 – William IX, Duke of Aquitaine (d. 1126)
• 1197 – Emperor Juntoku of Japan (d. 1242)
• 1511 – Erasmus Reinhold, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1553)
• 1558 – Jacques Sirmond, French scholar (d. 1651)
• 1592 – Gustav Horn, Count of Pori, Swedish soldier and politician (d. 1657)
• 1659 – Georg Ernst Stahl, German chemist and physician (d. 1734)
• 1689 – John V of Portugal (d. 1750)
• 1701 – Maria Amalia of Austria (d. 1756)
• 1729 – Johann Reinhold Forster, German botanist (d. 1798)
• 1734 – Daniel Boone, American explorer and hunter (d. 1820)
• 1749 – Cornelis van der Aa, Dutch bookseller (d. 1816)
• 1809 – Volney Howard, American lawyer, politician, and jurist (d. 1889)
• 1811 – Franz Liszt, Hungarian pianist and composer (d. 1886)
• 1818 – Leconte de Lisle, French poet (d. 1894)
• 1821 – Collis Potter Huntington, American businessman (d. 1900)
• 1844 – Sarah Bernhardt, French actress (d. 1923)
• 1844 – Louis Riel, Canadian politician (d. 1885)
• 1856 – Dominique Gardères, French horse rider
• 1858 – Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein (d. 1921)
• 1865 – Kristjan Raud, Estonian painter (d. 1943)
• 1870 – Ivan Bunin, Russian author and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)
• 1870 – Alfred Douglas, English partner (d. 1945)
• 1873 – Gustaf John Ramstedt, Finland-Swedish linguist and diplomat (d. 1950)
• 1875 – David van Embden, Dutch politician (d. 1962)
• 1881 – Clinton Davisson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
• 1881 – Karl Bernhard Zoeppritz, German geophysicist (d. 1908)
• 1882 – Géza Kiss, Hungarian swimmer (d. 1952)
• 1882 – Edmund Dulac, French illustrator (d. 1953)
• 1886 – Erik Bergman, Swedish minister (d. 1970)
• 1887 – John Reed, American journalist (d. 1920)
• 1891 – Parker Fennelly, American comedian and actor (d. 1988)
• 1894 – Mei Lanfang, Chinese opera singer (d. 1961)
• 1896 – Charles Glen King, American biochemist (d. 1988)
• 1900 – Ashfaqulla Khan, Indian freedom fighter (d. 1927)
• 1903 – George Wells Beadle, American geneticist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989)
• 1903 – Curly Howard, American actor and comedian (d. 1952)
• 1904 – Constance Bennett, American actress (d. 1965)
• 1905 – Joseph Kosma, Hungarian-French composer (d. 1969)
• 1906 – Kees van Baaren, Dutch composer (d. 1970)
• 1907 – Jimmie Foxx, American baseball player (d. 1967)
• 1908 – John Gould, American columnist (d. 2003)
• 1912 – Frances Drake, American actress (d. 2000)
• 1912 – George N. Leighton, American judge
• 1913 – Robert Capa, Hungarian-American photographer (d. 1954)
• 1913 – Bao Dai, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1997)
• 1913 – Tamara Desni, German-English actress (d. 2008)
• 1913 – Hans-Peter Tschudi, Swiss politician, President of Switzerland (d. 2002)
• 1917 – Joan Fontaine, Japanese-American actress
• 1918 – Lou Klein, American baseball player (d. 1976)
• 1919 – Kathleen Ankers, American set designer (d. 2001)
• 1919 – Doris Lessing, Iranian-English author and poet, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1920 – Timothy Leary, American psychologist and author (d. 1996)
• 1921 – Georges Brassens, French singer-songwriter and poet (d. 1981)
• 1921 – Alexander Kronrod, Russian mathematician (d. 1986)
• 1922 – Juan Carlos Lorenzo, Argentine footballer (d. 2001)
• 1923 – Bert Trautmann, German footballer
• 1925 – Slater Martin, American basketball player and coach (d. 2012)
• 1925 – Robert Rauschenberg, American painter and illustrator (d. 2008)
• 1927 – Allan Hendrickse, South African politician (d. 2005)
• 1928 – Nelson Pereira dos Santos, Brazilian director
• 1929 – Dory Previn, American singer-songwriter (d. 2012)
• 1929 – Lev Yashin, Soviet footballer (d. 1990)
• 1933 – Helmut Senekowitsch, Austrian footballer (d. 2007)
• 1934 – Rita Sakellariou, Greek singer (d. 1999)
• 1935 – Ann Rule, American author
• 1936 – John Blashford-Snell, English army officer, explorer, and author
• 1936 – Bobby Seale, American activist, co-founded the Black Panther Party
• 1937 – Manos Loïzos, Greek composer (d. 1982)
• 1938 – Derek Jacobi, English actor
• 1938 – Christopher Lloyd, American actor
• 1938 – Timos Perlegas, Greek actor (d. 1993)
• 1939 – Joaquim Chissano, Mozambican politician, 2nd President of Mozambique
• 1939 – George Cohen, English footballer
• 1939 – Jean-Pierre Desthuilliers, French author and poet
• 1939 – Susumu Kurobe, Japanese actor
• 1939 – Tony Roberts, American actor
• 1942 – Bobby Fuller, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (The Bobby Fuller Four) (d. 1966)
• 1942 – Annette Funicello, American actress
• 1943 – Allen Coage, American wrestler (d. 2007)
• 1943 – Jan de Bont, Dutch director
• 1943 – Catherine Deneuve, French actress
• 1943 – Seif Sharif Hamad, Zanzibari politician
• 1943 – Robert Long, Dutch singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2006)
• 1945 – Yvan Ponton, Canadian actor
• 1945 – Buzz Potamkin, American television producer, founded Buzzco Associates (d. 2012)
• 1945 – Sheila Sherwood, English long jumper
• 1945 – Leslie West, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (Mountain, The Vagrants, and West, Bruce and Laing)
• 1946 – Eddie Brigati, American singer-songwriter (The Rascals)
• 1946 – Claude Charron, Canadian politician
• 1946 – Deepak Chopra, Indian-American physician and author
• 1946 – Kelvin MacKenzie, English journalist and businessman
• 1946 – Richard McGonagle, American actor
• 1947 – Raymond Bachand, Canadian politician
• 1947 – Haley Barbour, American politician, 63rd Governor of Mississippi
• 1947 – Apostolos Kontos, Greek basketball player
• 1948 – Lynette Fromme, American attempted assassin of Gerald Ford
• 1948 – Debbie Macomber, American author
• 1949 – Stiv Bators, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (The Dead Boys and The Lords of the New Church) (d. 1990)
• 1949 – Vasilios Magginas, Greek politician
• 1949 – Arsène Wenger, French footballer and manager
• 1952 – Jeff Goldblum, American actor
• 1956 – Frank DiPino, American baseball player
• 1959 – Arto Salminen, Finnish author (d. 2005)
• 1959 – Marc Shaiman, American composer
• 1960 – Darryl Jenifer, American bass player (Bad Brains)
• 1960 – Cris Kirkwood, American singer-songwriter and bass player (Meat Puppets)
• 1961 – Robert Torti, American actor
• 1962 – Hüseyin Kenan Aydin, German politician
• 1962 – Bob Odenkirk, American actor and comedian
• 1963 – Brian Boitano, American figure skater
• 1964 – TobyMac, American singer-songwriter and producer
• 1964 – Dražen Petrovic, Croatian basketball player (d. 1993)
• 1965 – John Wesley Harding, English singer-songwriter
• 1965 – Otis Smith, American football player
• 1965 – Piotr Wiwczarek, Polish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (Vader)
• 1966 – Valeria Golino, Italian actress
• 1967 – Salvatore Di Vittorio, Italian composer and conductor
• 1967 – Rita Guerra, Portuguese singer
• 1967 – Ulrike Maier, Austrian skier (d. 1994)
• 1967 – Carlos Mencia, Honduran-American comedian and actor
• 1967 – Ron Tugnutt, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1968 – Shaggy, Jamaican singer-songwriter
• 1968 – Stephanie Cutter, American political consultant
• 1968 – Jay Johnston, American actor and comedian
• 1968 – Shelby Lynne, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1968 – Stéphane Quintal, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1969 – Héctor Carrasco, Dominican baseball player
• 1969 – Spike Jonze, American director and producer
• 1969 – Helmut Lotti, Belgian tenor
• 1970 – Winston Bogarde, Dutch footballer
• 1970 – Amy Redford, American actress, director, and producer
• 1971 – Kornel David, Hungarian basketball player
• 1972 – D'Lo Brown, American wrestler
• 1972 – Saffron Burrows, English Actress
• 1973 – Andrés Palop, Spanish footballer
• 1973 – Ichiro Suzuki, Japanese baseball player
• 1973 – Mark van der Zijden, Dutch swimmer
• 1974 – Tim Kinsella, American singer-songwriter (Cap'n Jazz, Joan of Arc, Owls, Make Believe, and Everyoned)
• 1974 – Giorgos Koltzos, Greek footballer
• 1974 – Jeff McInnis, American basketball player
• 1974 – Miroslav Šatan, Slovak ice hockey player
• 1975 – Martín Cardetti, Argentine footballer
• 1975 – Jesse Tyler Ferguson, American actor
• 1975 – Míchel Salgado, Spanish footballer
• 1976 – Jon Foreman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (Switchfoot and Fiction Family)
• 1976 – Helen Svedin, Swedish model
• 1977 – Dan Chan, American magician
• 1978 – Dion Glover, American basketball player
• 1978 – Chaswe Nsofwa, Zambian footballer (d. 2007)
• 1978 – Owais Shah, English cricketer
• 1979 – Doni, Brazilian footballer
• 1980 – Luke O'Donnell, Australian rugby player
• 1981 – Michael Fishman, American actor
• 1981 – Olivier Pla, French race car driver
• 1982 – Robinson Canó, Dominican baseball player
• 1982 – Tim Erfen, German footballer
• 1982 – Heath Miller, American football player
• 1982 – Mark Renshaw, Australian cyclist
• 1983 – Plan B, English rapper, producer, and actor
• 1983 – Anton Müller, German footballer
• 1984 – Aleks Maric, Australian basketball player
• 1985 – Zac Hanson, American drummer (Hanson)
• 1986 – Kara Lang, Canadian footballer
• 1986 – ?tefan Radu, Romanian footballer
• 1988 – Matt Evans, Filipino actor
• 1990 – Jonathan Lipnicki, American actor
• 1992 – Sofia Vassilieva, American actress

Deaths

• 741 – Charles Martel, Frankish military leader and politician (b. 686)
• 1383 – Ferdinand I of Portugal (b. 1345)
• 1565 – Jean Grolier de Servières, French book collector (b. 1479)
• 1625 – Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese daimyo (b. 1561)
• 1674 – Gerbrand van den Eeckhout, Dutch painter (b. 1621)
• 1707 – Cloudesley Shovell, English navy admiral (b.1650)
• 1708 – Hermann Witsius, Dutch theologian (b. 1636)
• 1751 – William IV, Prince of Orange (b. 1711)
• 1755 – Elisha Williams, American minister and jurist (b. 1694)
• 1792 – Guillaume Le Gentil, French astronomer (b. 1725)
• 1847 – Sahle Selassie, Ethiopian son of Wossen Seged (b. 1795)
• 1859 – Louis Spohr, German violinist and composer (b. 1784)
• 1883 – Thomas Mayne Reid, Irish-American author (b. 1818)
• 1891 – Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow, Austrian physiologist (b. 1846)
• 1906 – Paul Cézanne, French painter (b. 1839)
• 1914 – Konishiki Yasokichi I, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 17th Yokozuna (b. 1866)
• 1917 – Bob Fitzsimmons, English boxer (b. 1863)
• 1918 – Myrtle Gonzalez, American actress (b. 1891)
• 1927 – Borisav Stankovic, Serbian author (b. 1876)
• 1928 – Andrew Fisher, Australian politician, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1862)
• 1934 – Pretty Boy Floyd, American gangster (b. 1904)
• 1935 – Edward Carson, Baron Carson, Irish politician (b. 1854)
• 1935 – Komitas Vardapet, Armenian composer (b. 1869)
• 1941 – Guy Môquet, French militant (b. 1924)
• 1952 – Ernst Rüdin, Swiss nazi physician (b. 1874)
• 1954 – Jibanananda Das, Bengali poet (b. 1899)
• 1956 – Hannah Mitchell, English activist (b. 1872)
• 1969 – Tommy Edwards, American singer-songwriter (b. 1922)
• 1973 – Pau Casals, Catalan cellist and conductor (b. 1876)
• 1978 – John Riley, English poet (b. 1937)
• 1979 – Nadia Boulanger, French composer and educator (b. 1887)
• 1985 – Viorica Ursuleac, Romanian soprano (b. 1894)
• 1986 – Jane Dornacker, American actress and singer (b. 1947)
• 1986 – Ye Jianying, Chinese general and politician (b. 1897)
• 1986 – Albert Szent-Györgyi, Hungarian physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1893)
• 1987 – Lino Ventura, Italian-French actor (b. 1919)
• 1989 – Ewan MacColl, English singer-songwriter, producer, actor, and playwright (b. 1915)
• 1992 – Red Barber, American sportscaster (b. 1908)
• 1992 – Cleavon Little, American actor (b. 1939)
• 1993 – Innes Ireland, Scottish race car driver (b. 1930)
• 1995 – Kingsley Amis, English author and poet (b. 1922)
• 1997 – Leonid Amalrik, Russian animator (b. 1905)
• 1998 – Eric Ambler, English author (b. 1909)
• 2001 – Helmut Krackowizer, Austrian motorcycle racer and journalist (b. 1922)
• 2002 – Géraldine Apponyi de Nagyappony, Austrian wife of Zog of Albania (b. 1915)
• 2002 – Richard Helms, American intelligence agent and diplomat (b. 1913)
• 2005 – Arman, French-American painter (b. 1928)
• 2005 – Tony Adams, Irish film producer (b. 1953)
• 2005 – Franky Gee, Cuban-American singer (Captain Jack) (b. 1962)
• 2006 – Arthur Hill, Canadian actor (b. 1922)
• 2007 – Ève Curie, French journalist and pianist (b. 1904)
• 2009 – Don Lane, American-Australian actor, singer, and talk show host (b. 1933)
• 2009 – Soupy Sales, American comedian and actor (b. 1926)
• 2011 – Sultan bin Abdulaziz, Saudi Arabian prince (b. 1930)
• 2012 – Russell Means, American actor and activist (b. 1939)
• 2012 – Shubha Phutela, Indian model and actress (b. 1991)
• 2012 – Wilson Whineray, New Zealand rugby player (b. 1935)

Holidays and observances

• Christian Feast Day:
  • Aaron the Illustrious (Syriac Orthodox Church)
  • Abercius of Hieropolis
  • Bertharius
  • Donatus of Fiesole
  • John Paul II
  • Mary Salome
  • Nunilo and Alodia
  • October 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

• Earliest day on which Labour Day can fall, while October 28 is the latest; celebrated on the fourth Monday in October (New Zealand)
• Earliest day on which Make a Difference Day can fall, while October 28 is the latest; celebrated on the fourth Saturday in October (United States)
• Fechner Day, celebrated by Psychophysicists
• International Stuttering Awareness Day (International)
• Jidai Matsuri (Kyoto)