today.nukz.net: Almanac April 1

Marie-Sophie Germain (April 1, 1776 – June 27, 1831) French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher.

Events

286 – Emperor Diocletian elevates his general Maximian to co-emperor with the rank of Augustus and gives him control over the Western regions of the Roman Empire.
325 – Crown Prince Jin Chengdi, age 4, succeeds his father Jin Mingdi as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
457 – Majorian is acclaimed emperor by the Roman army.
527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne.
1293 – Robert Winchelsey leaves England for Rome, to be consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury.
1318 – Berwick-upon-Tweed is captured by the Scottish from England.
1340 – Niels Ebbesen kills Gerhard III of Holstein in his bedroom, ending the 1332-1340 interregnum in Denmark.
1572 – In the Eighty Years' War, the Watergeuzen capture Brielle from the Spaniards, gaining the first foothold on land for what would become the Dutch Republic.
1789 – In New York City, the United States House of Representatives holds its first quorum and elects Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania as its first House Speaker.
1826 – Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine.
1833 – The Convention of 1833, a political gathering of settlers in Mexican Texas to help draft a series of petitions to the Mexican government, begins in San Felipe de Austin
1854 – Hard Times begins serialisation in Charles Dickens' magazine, Household Words.
1865 – American Civil War: Battle of Five Forks – In Siege of Petersburg, Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive.
1867 – Singapore becomes a British crown colony.
1871 – The first stage of the Brill Tramway opened.
1873 – The British steamer RMS Atlantic sinks off Nova Scotia, killing 547.
1887 – Mumbai Fire Brigade is established.
1891 – The Wrigley Company is founded in Chicago, Illinois.
1893 – The rank of Chief Petty Officer in the United States Navy is established.
1908 – The Territorial Force (renamed Territorial Army in 1920) is formed as a volunteer reserve component of the British Army.
1918 – The Royal Air Force is created by the merger of the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service.
1919 – The Staatliches Bauhaus school was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar.
1922 – Six Irish Catholic civilians are shot and beaten-to-death by a gang of policemen in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
1924 – Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years in jail for his participation in the "Beer Hall Putsch". However, he spends only nine months in jail, during which he writes Mein Kampf.
1924 – The Royal Canadian Air Force is formed.
1933 – The recently elected Nazis under Julius Streicher organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany, ushering in a series of anti-Semitic acts.
1933 – English cricketer Wally Hammond set a record for the highest individual Test innings of 336 not out, during a Test match against New Zealand.
1936 – Orissa formerly known as Kalinga or Utkal becomes a state in India.
1937 – Aden becomes a British crown colony. Bombing of Jaén, Spain by Nazi forces.
1939 – Generalísimo Francisco Franco of the Spanish State announces the end of the Spanish Civil War, when the last of the Republican forces surrender.
1941 – The Blockade Runner Badge for the German navy is instituted.
1941 – A military coup in Iraq overthrows the regime of 'Abd al-Ilah and installs Rashid Ali as Prime Minister.
1944 – Navigation errors lead to an accidental American bombing of the Swiss city of Schaffhausen.
1945 – World War II: Operation Iceberg – United States troops land on Okinawa in the last campaign of the war.
1946 – Aleutian Island earthquake: A 7.8 magnitude earthquake near the Aleutian Islands creates a tsunami that strikes the Hawaiian Islands killing 159, mostly in Hilo.
1946 – Formation of the Malayan Union.
1947 – Paul becomes king of Greece, on the death of his childless elder brother, George II.
1948 – Cold War: Berlin Airlift – Military forces, under direction of the Russian-controlled government in East Germany, set-up a land blockade of West Berlin.
1948 – Faroe Islands receive autonomy from Denmark.
1949 – Chinese Civil War: The Communist Party of China holds unsuccessful peace talks with the Kuomintang in Beijing, after three years of fighting.
1949 – The Canadian government repeals Japanese Canadian internment after seven years.
1949 – The 26 counties of the Irish Free State become the Republic of Ireland.
1954 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorizes the creation of the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado.
1955 – The EOKA rebellion against The British Empire begins in Cyprus, with the goal of obtaining the desired unification ("enosis") with Greece.
1957 – The BBC broadcasts the spaghetti tree hoax on its current affairs programme Panorama.
1959 – Iakovos is enthroned as Greek Orthodox Archbishop of America.
1960 – The TIROS-1 satellite transmits the first television picture from space.
1967 – The United States Department of Transportation begins operation.
1969 – The Hawker Siddeley Harrier enters service with the Royal Air Force.
1970 – President Richard Nixon signs the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law, requiring the Surgeon General's warnings on tobacco products and banning cigarette advertisements on television and radio in the United States, starting on January 1, 1971.
1971 – Bangladesh Liberation War: The Pakistan Army massacred over 1,000 people in Keraniganj Upazila, Bangladesh.
1973 – Project Tiger, a tiger conservation project, is launched in the Corbett National Park, India.
1974 – In the United Kingdom, the Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties come into being.
1976 – Apple Inc. is formed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
1976 – Conrail takes over operations from six bankrupt railroads in the Northeastern U.S..
1976 – The Jovian–Plutonian gravitational effect hoax is first reported by British astronomer Patrick Moore.
1978 – The Philippine College of Commerce, through a presidential decree, becomes the Polytechnic University of the Philippines.
1979 – Iran becomes an Islamic Republic by a 98% vote, officially overthrowing the Shah.
1989 – Margaret Thatcher's new local government tax, the Community Charge (commonly known as the "poll tax"), is introduced in Scotland.
1992 – Start of the Bosnian war.
1997 – Comet Hale-Bopp is seen passing over perihelion.
1999 – Nunavut is established as a Canadian territory carved out of the eastern part of the Northwest Territories.
2001 – An EP-3E United States Navy surveillance aircraft collides with a Chinese People's Liberation Army Shenyang J-8 fighter jet. The Navy crew makes an emergency landing in Hainan, People's Republic of China and is detained.
2001 – Former President of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Slobodan Miloševic surrenders to police special forces, to be tried on war crimes charges.
2001 – Same-sex marriage becomes legal in the Netherlands, the first country to allow it.
2006 – The Serious Organised Crime Agency, dubbed the "British FBI", is created in the United Kingdom.
2009 – Croatia and Albania join NATO.
2011 – After protests against the burning of the Quran turned violent, a mob attacked a United Nations compound in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan and killed thirteen people, including eight foreign workers.

Births

1220 – Emperor Go-Saga of Japan (d. 1272)
1543 – François de Bonne, duc de Lesdiguières, Constable of France (d. 1626)
1578 – William Harvey, English physician (d. 1657)
1610 – Charles de Saint-Évremond, French soldier (d. 1703)
1629 – Jean-Henri d'Anglebert, French composer, harpsichordist and organist (d. 1691)
1640 – Georg Mohr, Danish mathematician (d. 1697)
1647 – John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (d. 1680)
1697 – Antoine François Prévost, French author and novelist (d. 1763)
1721 – Pieter Hellendaal, Dutch organist and violinist, and composer (d. 1799)
1753 – Joseph de Maistre, French diplomat and writer (d. 1821)
1765 – Luigi Schiavonetti, Italian engraver (d. 1810)
1776 – Sophie Germain, French mathematician (d. 1831)
1815 – Otto von Bismarck, German statesman (d. 1898)
1815 – Edward Clark, American politician (d. 1880)
1834 – James "Big Jim" Fisk, American stock broker and corporate executive (d. 1872)
1854 – Bill Traylor, American artist (d. 1949)
1856 – Acacio Gabriel Viegas, Indian physician (d. 1933)
1865 – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Austrian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1929)
1866 – Ferruccio Busoni, Italian pianist and composer (d. 1924)
1868 – Edmond Rostand, French dramatist (d. 1918)
1871 – F. Melius Christiansen, Norwegian-born violinist and choral conductor (d. 1955)
1873 – Sergei Rachmaninoff, Russian composer, pianist, and conductor (d. 1943)
1874 – Ernest William Barnes, English mathematician and theologian (d. 1953)
1875 – Edgar Wallace, English writer (d. 1932)
1880 – Agha Petros, Assyrian general (d. 1932)
1882 – Paul Anspach, Belgian fencer (d. 1991)
1883 – Lon Chaney, Sr., American actor (d. 1930)
1884 – Laurette Taylor, American actress (d. 1946)
1885 – Wallace Beery, American actor (d. 1949)
1887 – H. S. Lloyd, British dog breeder (d. 1963)
1889 – K. B. Hedgewar, Indian physician and Hindu nationalism advocate (d. 1940)
1893 – Cicely Courtneidge, English actress and comedian (d. 1980)
1895 – Alberta Hunter, American singer (d. 1984)
1897 – Nita Naldi, American actress (d. 1961)
1898 – William James Sidis, American mathematician (d. 1944)
1899 – Gustavs Celmins, Latvian politician (d. 1968)
1901 – Whittaker Chambers, American writer, editor, and defector (d. 1961)
1902 – Maria Polydouri, Greek poet (d. 1930)
1905 – Gaston Eyskens, Belgian economist and politician (d. 1988)
1906 – Aleksandr Yakovlev, Russian engineer and designer (d. 1989)
1908 – Abraham Maslow, American psychologist (d. 1970)
1909 – Eddy Duchin, American pianist and bandleader (d. 1951)
1911 – Fauja Singh, Indian athlete
1912 – Donald Nyrop, American airline executive (d. 2010)
1913 – Memos Makris, Greek sculptor (d. 1993)
1914 – Lor Tok, Thai comedian and actor (d. 2002)
1915 – Otto Wilhelm Fischer, Austrian actor (d. 2004)
1917 – Dinu Lipatti, Romanian pianist (d. 1950)
1917 – Melville Shavelson, American director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2007)
1919 – Joseph Murray, American surgeon, Nobel laureate
1920 – Toshiro Mifune, Japanese actor (d. 1997)
1921 – William Bergsma, American composer (d. 1994)
1921 – Ken Reardon, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2008)
1922 – William Manchester, American historian (d. 2004)
1924 – Brendan Byrne, American politician
1924 – Miodrag Petrovic, Serbian actor (d. 2003)
1926 – Charles Bressler, American tenor
1926 – Gérard La Forest, Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada
1926 – John Scott Martin, English actor (d. 2009)
1926 – Anne McCaffrey, American author (d. 2011)
1927 – Walter Bahr, American soccer player
1927 – Peter Cundall, Australian horticulturist
1927 – Amos Milburn, American pianist (d. 1980)
1928 – George Grizzard, American actor (d. 2007)
1929 – Milan Kundera, Czech writer
1929 – Payut Ngaokrachang, Thai animator (d. 2010)
1929 – Jane Powell, American actress, singer, and dancer
1929 – Bo Schembechler, American football coach (d. 2006)
1930 – Grace Lee Whitney, American actress
1931 – Ita Ever, Estonian actress
1931 – Rolf Hochhuth, German writer
1932 – Gordon Jump, American actor (d. 2003)
1932 – Debbie Reynolds, American actress
1933 – Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, French physicist, Nobel laureate
1933 – Dan Flavin, American artist (d. 1996)
1934 – Jim Ed Brown, American singer (The Browns)
1934 – Don Hastings, American actor
1934 – Rod Kanehl, American baseball player (d. 2004)
1934 – Vladimir Posner, Russian journalist
1935 – Larry McDonald, American politician (d. 1983)
1936 – Jean-Pascal Delamuraz, Swiss politician (d. 1998)
1936 – Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear scientist
1936 – Tarun Gogoi, Chief Minister of Assam
1937 – Jordan Charney, American actor
1937 – Yilmaz Güney, Turkish actor and director (d. 1984)
1938 – John Quade, American actor (d. 2009)
1939 – Ali MacGraw, American actress
1939 – Phil Niekro, American baseball player
1939 – Rudolph Isley, American singer (The Isley Brothers)
1940 – Wangari Maathai, Kenyan environmentalist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2011)
1941 – Ajit Wadekar, Indian cricketer
1942 – Samuel R. Delany, American author
1942 – Phil Margo, American musician (The Tokens)
1942 – Annie Nightingale, British disc jockey
1943 – Carol White, British actress (d. 1991)
1944 – Rusty Staub, American baseball player
1945 – John Barbata, American drummer (The Sentinals, The Turtles, and Jefferson Airplane)
1946 – Nikitas Kaklamanis, Greek politician
1946 – Ronnie Lane, English musician, songwriter, and producer (Faces and Small Faces) (d. 1997)
1946 – Arrigo Sacchi, Italian football coach
1946 – Eva Polttila, Finnish news anchor
1947 – Alain Connes, French mathematician
1947 – Philippe Kirsch, Canadian diplomat and judge
1947 – Robin Scott, English singer (M)
1947 – Norm Van Lier, American basketball player (d. 2009)
1948 – Jimmy Cliff, Jamaican musician, singer, and actor
1949 – Gérard Mestrallet, French businessman
1949 – Sammy Nelson, Northern Irish footballer
1949 – Gil Scott-Heron, American musician and author (d. 2011)
1950 – Samuel Alito, American lawyer and jurist
1950 – Loris Kessel, Swiss race car driver (d. 2010)
1950 – Daniel Paillé, Canadian politician
1951 – John Philip Abizaid, American army general
1952 – Annette O'Toole, American actress
1952 – Bernard Stiegler, French philosopher
1953 – Barry Sonnenfeld, producer and director
1954 – Jeff Porcaro, American drummer (Toto and Clover) (d. 1992)
1955 – Humayun Akhtar Khan, Pakistani statesman
1955 – Terry Nichols, American convicted accomplice in the Oklahoma City bombing
1957 – David Gower, English cricketer
1957 – Denise Nickerson, American actress
1958 – D. Boon, American musician (Minutemen, The Reactionaries) (d. 1985)
1959 – Margita Stefanovic, Yugoslav architect and musician (d. 2002)
1960 – Michael Praed, British actor
1961 – Susan Boyle, Scottish singer
1961 – Mark White, British guitarist (ABC)
1962 – Samboy Lim, Filipino basketball player
1962 – Phillip Schofield, English broadcaster and television personality
1963 – Teddy Diaz, Filipino guitarist (The Dawn) (d.1988)
1964 – Erik Breukink, Dutch cyclist and manager
1964 – Kevin Duckworth, American basketball player (d. 2008)
1964 – Scott Stevens, Canadian ice hockey player
1965 – Tomas Alfredson, Swedish director
1965 – Mark Jackson, American basketball player
1965 – Robert Steadman, English composer
1966 – Chris Evans, English disc jockey
1967 – Phil Demmel, American musician (Machine Head and Vio-Lence)
1968 – Julia Boutros, Lebanese singer
1968 – Traci Lind, American actress
1968 – Andreas Schnaas, German director
1969 – Fadl Shaker, Lebanese singer
1969 – Dean Windass, English football player
1970 – Sung Hi Lee, Korean model
1971 – Sonia Bisset, Cuban javelin thrower
1971 – Jessica Collins, American actress
1971 – Lachy Hulme, Australian actor and screenwriter
1971 – Method Man, American rapper (Wu-Tang Clan)
1971 – Shinji Nakano, Japanese race car driver
1971 – Danielle Smith, Canadian politician
1972 – Albert Hughes, American director
1972 – Allen Hughes, American director
1972 – Darren McCarty, Canadian ice hockey player
1972 – Jesse Tobias, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers and Splendid)
1973 – Christian Finnegan, American comedian
1973 – Stephen Fleming, New Zealand cricketer
1973 – Joe Francis, American adult video producer, founder of Girls Gone Wild
1973 – Rachel Maddow, American television host and political analyst
1973 – Kris Marshall, British actor
1974 – Beatriz Batarda, Portuguese actress
1974 – China Chow, British actress
1974 – Richard Christy, American drummer and radio personality
1974 – Hugo Benjamín Ibarra, Argentine footballer
1974 – Sandra Völker, German swimmer
1975 – George Bastl, Swiss tennis player
1975 – John Butler, Australian singer and musician (The John Butler Trio)
1976 – David Oyelowo, English-Nigerian actor
1976 – Clarence Seedorf, Dutch footballer
1977 – Jon Gosselin, American television personality
1977 – Haimar Zubeldia, Spanish cyclist
1978 – Antonio de Nigris, Mexican footballer (d. 2009)
1978 – Jean-Pierre Dumont, Canadian ice hockey player
1978 – Anamaria Marinca, Romanian actress
1978 – Etan Thomas, American basketball player
1978 – Miroslava Vavrinec, Swiss tennis player
1979 – Ivano Balic, Croatian handballer
1980 – Dennis Kruppke, German footballer
1980 – Randy Orton, American wrestler
1980 – Bijou Phillips, American actress
1980 – Yuko Takeuchi, Japanese actress
1981 – Asli Bayram, Turkish-German model and actress
1981 – Aimee Chan, Canadian model and actress, Miss Hong Kong 2006
1981 – Antonis Fotsis, Greek basketball player
1981 – Hannah Spearritt, British singer and actor (S Club 7)
1981 – Bjoern Einar Romoeren, Norwegian skijumper
1982 – Sam Huntington, American actor
1982 – Taran Killam, American comedian and actor
1983 – John Axford, Canadian baseball player
1983 – Tamati Ellison, New Zealand rugby player
1983 – Lance Hohaia, New Zealand rugby player
1983 – Jussi Jokinen, Finnish ice hockey player
1983 – Matt Lanter, American actor and model
1983 – Sergey Lazarev, Russian singer (Smash!!)
1983 – Ólafur Ingi Skúlason, Icelandic footballer
1983 – Sean Taylor, American football player (d. 2007)
1984 – Gilberto Macena, Brazilian footballer
1985 – Daniel Murphy, American baseball player
1985 – Josh Zuckerman, American actor
1986 – Shunichi Miyamoto, Japanese musician and actor
1986 – Hillary Scott, American singer (Lady Antebellum)
1986 – Ireen Wüst, Dutch speed skater
1987 – Ding Junhui, Chinese snooker player
1987 – Li Ting, Chinese diver
1987 – Gianluca Musacci, Italian footballer
1987 – Oliver Turvey, British racing driver
1988 – Brook Lopez, American basketball player
1988 – Robin Lopez, American basketball player
1988 – Courtney McCool, American gymnast
1989 – Jan Blokhuijsen, Dutch speed skater
1989 – David N'Gog, French footballer
1989 – Vietoris Krisztián, German race car driver
1993 – Keito Okamoto, Japanese singer (Hey! Say! JUMP)
1993 – Nico Schulz, German footballer
1997 – Asa Butterfield, English actor

Deaths

1085 – Emperor Shenzong of Song (b. 1048)
1132 – St. Hugues, Bishop of Grenoble (b. 1053)
1204 – Eleanor of Aquitaine (b. 1122)
1205 – King Amalric II of Jerusalem (b. 1145)
1528 – Francisco de Peñalosa, Spanish composer
1580 – Alonso Mudarra, Spanish composer
1621 – Cristofano Allori, Italian painter (b. 1577)
1637 – Niwa Nagashige, Japanese warlord (b. 1571)
1682 – Franz Egon of Fürstenberg, Bavarian Catholic archbishop (b. 1625)
1787 – Floyer Sydenham, English classical scholar (b. 1710)
1839 – Benjamin Pierce, American politician (b. 1757)
1865 – Giuditta Pasta, Italian soprano (b. 1797)
1872 – Frederick Maurice, English theologian (b. 1805)
1872 – William Frederick Horry, English convicted murderer (b. 1843)
1878 – John Corry Wilson Daly, Canadian politician (b. 1796)
1890 – David Wilber, American politician (b. 1820)
1890 – Alexander F. Mozhayskiy, Russian aviation pioneer (b. 1825)
1897 – Jandamarra, Indigenous-Australian resistance leader (b. c. 1873)
1914 – Rube Waddell, American baseball player (b. 1876)
1917 – Scott Joplin, American musician and composer (b. 1868)
1922 – Charles I of Austria (b. 1887)
1930 – Cosima Wagner, Hungarian daughter of Franz Liszt and widow of Richard Wagner (b. 1837)
1946 – Noah Beery, Sr., American actor (b. 1882)
1947 – King George II of Greece (b. 1890)
1950 – Charles R. Drew, American physician (b. 1904)
1962 – Jussi Kekkonen, Finnish major (b. 1910)
1965 – Helena Rubinstein, Polish-American cosmetics manufacturer (b. 1870)
1966 – Flann O'Brien, Irish humorist (b. 1911)
1967 – Dang Van Ngu, Vietnamese doctor and intellectual (b. 1910)
1968 – Lev Davidovich Landau, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
1976 – Max Ernst, German artist (b. 1891)
1979 – Bruno Coquatrix, French music impresario (b. 1910)
1979 – Barbara Luddy, American actress (b. 1908)
1981 – Eua Sunthornsanan, Thai composer and bandleader (b. 1910)
1984 – Marvin Gaye, American singer (The Moonglows) (b. 1939)
1984 – Elizabeth Goudge, English writer (b. 1900)
1985 – Douglass Wallop, American novelist and playwright (b. 1920)
1986 – Erik Bruhn, Danish ballet dancer, choreographer (b. 1928)
1988 – Jim Jordan, American actor (b. 1896)
1991 – Martha Graham, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1894)
1991 – Jaime Guzmán, Chilean politician (b. 1946)
1992 – Michael Havers, British barrister and politician (b. 1923)
1992 – Nigel Preston, English drummer (The Cult) (b. 1959)
1993 – Alan Kulwicki, American race car driver (b. 1954)
1994 – Robert Doisneau, French photographer (b. 1912)
1995 – Lucy Rie, American potter (b. 1902)
1995 – H. Adams Carter, American Alpine Club President, 10th Mountain Division trainer (b. 1914)
1996 – Jean Le Moyne, Canadian journalist and politician (b. 1913)
1996 – John McSherry, American baseball umpire (b. 1944)
1997 – Norman Carr, British conservationist (b. 1912)
1998 – Gene Evans, American actor (b. 1922)
1998 – Rozz Williams, American musician (Christian Death, Shadow Project, and Premature Ejaculation) (b. 1963)
1999 – Jesse Stone, American musician and songwriter (b. 1901)
2000 – Alexander Mackenzie Stuart, Baron Mackenzie-Stuart, Scottish jurist (b. 1924)
2001 – Olivia Barclay, British astrologer (b. 1919)
2001 – Jo-Jo Moore, American baseball player (b. 1908)
2001 – Trinh Cong Son, Vietnamese composer (b. 1939)
2002 – Simo Häyhä, Finnish sniper (b. 1905)
2002 – Gavin Pfuhl, South African cricketer (b. 1947)
2003 – Leslie Cheung, Hong Kong actor and singer (b. 1956)
2004 – Paul Atkinson, British guitarist (The Zombies) (b. 1946)
2004 – Aaron Bank, American Office of Strategic Services officer and founder of the US Army Special Forces (b. 1902)
2004 – Ioannis Kyrastas, Greek footballer and manager (b. 1952)
2004 – Carrie Snodgress, American actress (b. 1946)
2004 – Nilo Soruco, Bolivian singer-songwriter (b. 1927)
2005 – Paul Bomani, Tanzanian politician and ambassador (b 1925)
2005 – Alexander Brott, Canadian violinist and composer (b. 1915)
2005 – Harald Juhnke, German actor (b. 1929)
2005 – Jack Keller, American songwriter (b. 1936)
2005 – Robert Coldwell Wood, American political scientist and educator (b. 1923)
2006 – In Tam, Cambodian politician (b. 1916)
2007 – Herb Carneal, American sportscaster (b. 1923)
2008 – Jake Warren, Canadian diplomat (b. 1921)
2010 – John Forsythe, American actor (b. 1918)
2010 – Tzannis Tzannetakis, Greek politician, 175th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1927)